Modeling soil water dynamics in a drip-irrigated intercropping field under plastic mulch

Intercropping, drip irrigation, and the use of plastic mulch are important management practices, which can, when utilized simultaneously, increase crop production and save irrigation water. Investigating soil water dynamics in the root zone of the intercropping field under such conditions is essential in order to understand the combined effects of these practices and to promote their wider use. However, not much work has been done to investigate soil water dynamics in the root zone of drip-irrigated, strip intercropping fields under plastic mulch. Three field experiments with different irrigation treatments (high T1, moderate T2, and low T3) were conducted to evaluate soil water contents (SWC) at different locations, for different irrigation treatments, and with respect to dripper lines and plants (corn and tomatoes). Experimental data were then used to calibrate the HYDRUS (2D/3D) model. Comparison between experimental data and model simulations showed that HYDRUS (2D/3D) described different irrigation events and SWC in the root zone well, with average relative errors of 10.8, 9.5, and 11.6 % for irrigation treatments T1, T2, and T3, respectively, and with corresponding root mean square errors of 0.043, 0.035, and 0.040 cm³ cm^?3, respectively. The results showed that the SWC in the shallow root zone (0–40 cm) was lower under non-mulched locations than under mulched locations, irrespective of the irrigation treatment, while no significant differences in the SWC were observed in the deeper root zone (40–100 cm). The SWC in the shallow root zone was significantly higher for the high irrigation treatment (T1) than for the low irrigation treatment, while, again, no differences were observed in the deeper root zone. Simulations of two-dimensional SWC distributions revealed that the low irrigation treatment (T3) produced serious severe water stress (with SWCs near the wilting point) in the 30–40 cm part of the root zone, and that using separate drip emitter lines for each crop is well suited for producing the optimal soil water distribution pattern in the root zone of the intercropping field. The results of this study can be very useful in designing an optimal irrigation plan for intercropped fields.     

基于GIS的黄河下游分布式水资源模拟

分布式水文模型是水文界研究的焦点问题之一。该研究选用黄河下游流域作为典型研究流域，应用ARC／INFO技术和遥感信息、国内最新水资源调查资料和我国自行开发的LL-Ⅱ分布式水文模型对流域的水资源量进行模拟计算。黄河下游流域内主河道由于泥沙的不断淤积属于典型的地上悬河，而且该地区随着经济的不断发展，人类活动对水资源的影响日益显著，尤其是跨流域调水的影响。本研究充分考虑各种人类活动对水资源的影响，对径流过程进行连续模拟，并取得了较好的模拟结果。     

Sensitivity analysis of optimal operation of irrigation supply systems with water quality considerations

A model for optimal operation of water supply/irrigation systems of various water quality sources, with treatment plants, multiple water quality conservative factors, and dilution junctions is presented. The objective function includes water cost at the sources, water conveyance costs which account for the hydraulics of the network indirectly, water treatment cost, and yield reduction costs of irrigated crops due to irrigation with poor quality water. The model can be used for systems with supply by canals as well as pipes, which serve both drinking water demands of urban/rural consumers and field irrigation requirements. The general nonlinear optimization problem has been simplified by decomposing it to a problem with linear constraints and nonlinear objective function. This problem is solved using the projected gradient method. The method is demonstrated for a regional water supply system in southern Israel that contains 39 pipes, 37 nodes, 11 sources, 10 agricultural consumers, and 4 domestic consumers. The optimal operation solution is described by discharge and salinity values for all pipes of the network. Sensitivity of the optimal solution to changes in the parameters is examined. The solution was found to be sensitive to the upper limit on drinking water quality, with total cost being reduced by 5% as the upper limit increases from 260 to 600 mg Cl l^–1. The effect of income from unit crop yield is more pronounced. An increase of income by a factor of 20 results in an increase of the total cost by a factor of 3, thus encouraging more use of fresh water as long as the marginal cost of water supply is smaller than the marginal decrease in yield loss. The effect of conveyance cost becomes more pronounced as its cost increases. An increase by a factor of 100 results in an increase of the total cost by about 14%. The network studied has a long pipe that connects two distinct parts of the network and permits the supply of fresh water from one part to the other. Increasing the maximum permitted discharge in this pipe from 0 to 200 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by 11%. Increasing the maximum discharge at one of the sources from 90 to 300 m³ h^–1 reduces the total cost by about 8%.     

“WaterMan”: an on-farm water management game with heuristic capabilities

A modern computer-based simulation tool (WaterMan) in the form of a game for on-farm water management was developed for application in training events for farmers, students, and irrigators. The WaterMan game utilizes an interactive framework, thereby allowing the user to develop scenarios and test alternatives in a convenient, risk-free environment. It includes a comprehensive soil water and salt balance calculation algorithm. It also employs heuristic capabilities for modeling all of the important aspects of on-farm water management, and to provide quantitative performance evaluations and practical water management advice to the trainees. Random events (both favorable and unfavorable) and different strategic decisions are included in the game for more realism and to provide an appropriate level of challenge according to player performance. Thus, the ability to anticipate the player skill level, and to reply with random events appropriate to the anticipated level, is provided by the heuristic capabilities used in the software. These heuristic features were developed based on a combination of two artificial intelligence approaches: (1) a pattern recognition approach and (2) reinforcement learning based on a Markov decision processes approach, specifically the Q-learning method. These two approaches were combined in a new way to account for the difference in the effect of actions taken by the player and action taken by the system in the game world. The reward function for the Q-learning method was modified to reflect the suggested classification of the WaterMan game as what is referred to as a partially competitive and partially cooperative game.     

安全监测技术在软基筑坝工程中的应用

在软土地基上修建50m以上的高坝．国内外尚没有先例；云南省务坪水库在软土地基上修建52m高坝的成功经验，为软基筑坝施工提供了科学的依据：安全监测技术的日益成熟和完善，为工程施工、运行提供了可靠的保障。以云南省务坪水库为例，阐述安全监测技术在软基筑坝上的应用和意义。     

基于DEM的水文模型在沮河流域的应用

基于DEM的流域水文模型是近年来水文模型的热点,而干旱半干旱地区的水文模型一直是水文研究的一个难题。分析了干旱地区的降雨产流特性,建立了符合该产流特性的数字高程模型和陕北模型相结合的水文模型,并将其应用到沮河流域桃曲坡水库的洪水预报中,计算结果证明该水文模型在干旱地区是切实可行的。     

碱法草浆造纸蒸煮黑液厌氧生物降解及其主要微生物类群研究

采用中温(35±1℃)UASB AF相结合的反应器处理碱法草浆造纸蒸煮黑液,设计了两种试验方案。试验方案Ⅰ-碱法草浆黑液酸化后进行厌氧发酵,Ⅰ号反应器内装陶粒。试验方案Ⅱ-黑液用化学法(HCl)去除木质素后进行厌氧发酵,Ⅱ号反应器内装软填料。进行HRT、有机负荷和有机污染物(COD_(cr)、BOD_5)去除效率、沼气产气率相关性试验。在厌氧发酵稳态运行条件下,采用Hungate厌氧操作技术,MPN计数法对UASB AF反应器内厌氧污泥中的主要微生物类群区系组成进行了生态分析研究。     

夹持式鲜菱角脱壳机设计与试验

针对鲜菱角手工脱壳率低、菱仁损伤率高等问题,该研究以湖北省浠水县两角菱为对象,设计了一种夹持式鲜菱角脱壳机。对鲜菱角外形尺寸和力学性能参数进行了测量,确定采用夹持板与链条夹持输送、圆形齿刀横切菱角两侧弯角、对辊挤压碾搓脱壳的技术方案。对夹持板、弹性压紧装置、横切刀片和脱壳装置等主要部件结构进行设计和分析,确定了结构和运动参数。运用ANSYS Explicit Dynamics模块对横切过程进行仿真,根据理论分析和仿真结果试制了脱壳样机,开展了横切试验和脱壳试验。横切试验表明,成熟度、输送速度和刀片转速均对切壳率影响显著（P<0.05）,对菱仁损失率影响不显著（P>0.05）。运用Design Expert 12优化得横切装置最优工作参数为：脆熟菱角、输送速度0.1 m/s、刀片转速1 000 r/min,该参数下的平均切壳率为79.41%,平均菱仁损失率为9.82%。采用Box-Benhnken试验设计开展三因素二次回归正交组合试验,优化得到脱壳装置最优工作参数为：脆熟菱角、慢辊转速59r/min,线速比1.5,验证试验的平均脱壳率为66.52%,平均菱仁破损率为12.83...     

江西省县域农业碳排放时空格局及影响因素分析

农业生产是碳排放的主要来源之一,在碳达峰碳中和的时代背景下,厘清区域农业碳排放现状并分析其时空变化和影响因素具有重要意义。江西省是农业大省,近几十年来农业的快速发展伴随着农业碳排放量的升高。因此基于本区域水稻种植、农资投入、土壤利用及畜禽养殖4类主要碳源,构建农业碳排放测算体系,评估2000-2020年农业碳排放量,分析县域农业碳排放空间格局及其驱动机制。结果表明：1）江西省农业碳排放量总量范围在1 098.32万～1 471.94万t;种植业碳排放强度整体呈下降趋势,范围在2.50～3.87 t/万元,畜牧业碳排放强度整体亦呈下降趋势,范围在0.76～2.03 t/万元;各碳源碳排放总量和其占农业碳排放总量的比例大小依次为：水稻种植（806.72万t,61.15%）、畜禽养殖（243.57万t,18.57%）、农资投入（237.39万t,18.02%）、农田土壤利用（29.60万t,2.26%）;2）江西省县域农业碳排放量空间特征明显,高碳排放区均集中于鄱阳湖平原地区以及吉泰盆地;农业碳排放强度空间分布由相对离散到集中在赣北地区;整体上江西省碳排放总量的重心向北移动;3）农业碳排放效...     

最小二乘法与SVM组合的林果行间自主导航方法

为了提高作业装备在果园与树林行间的自主导航性能,该研究提出一种基于最小二乘法与支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)融合的树行识别与导航方法。研究采用履带式小型喷雾机为作业平台,通过低成本的单线激光雷达获取果园或树林环境点云数据,融合姿态传感器进行数据校正,利用最小二乘法拟合识别树行,结合SVM算法,预测果园行间中心线,作为作业平台的参考导航线。在桃园、柑橘园、松树林3种不同的行间环境对导航算法进行了测试验证,并以松树林导航为例进行分析。试验结果表明:该导航算法最大横向偏差为107.7 mm,横向偏差绝对平均值不超过17.8 mm,结合作业平台的行驶轨迹,说明该导航算法能够保证作业平台沿树行行间中心线自主导航行驶,能够满足作业装备在果园与树林行间自主导航作业的需求。