聚光回热式太阳能土壤灭虫除菌装置光热性能

该文针对传统设施农业土壤灭虫除菌过程使用化学消毒法所带来的环境污染和农作物药物残留等问题,提出了新型聚光回热式太阳能土壤灭虫除菌装置,利用太阳能聚光集热技术加热空气进而对农业种植土壤进行高温消毒,同时将土壤所含有机物加热挥发,实现对农业种植土壤的修复,同时处理后的热土壤对进料空气进行预热,提高了装置的热能利用效率。该文介绍了聚光回热式太阳能土壤灭虫除菌装置的工作原理,利用光学仿真软件对装置中复合多曲面聚光器的光学效率进行了计算,基于光学计算结果,对聚光回热式太阳能土壤灭虫除菌装置的光热性能进行了室外试验,测试了装置的空气加热温度和集热效率。结果表明,用于土壤灭虫除菌的热空气在聚光比为3.6,流动速度为1.075 m/s时,装置的集热效率最高,加热后空气温度最高达到了88℃左右,集热效率为65%左右,能够满足农业土壤灭虫除菌所需的温度需求。     

Use of biochar-compost to improve properties and productivity of the degraded coastal soil in the Yellow River Delta,China

Purpose

Nutrient deficiency and salt stress (sodium, Na⁺) strongly limited the productivity of the degraded coastal soils in the Yellow River Delta. Biochar-based functional materials have been considered as a promising amendment to solving the problem of global soil security (e.g., erosion, fertility loss, acidification, and salinization). Therefore, this study aimed to explore the potential of using a biochar-compost amendment (BCA) to improve the coastal soil properties and productivity.

Materials and methods

The BCA was produced from composting of biochar and additives including seafood shell powder, peanut shell, commercial humate, and inorganic nutrients. Two halophytes, sesbania (Sesbania canabina (Retz.) Pers) and seashore mallow (Kosteletzkya virginica), were chosen as the tested plants in a 52-day pot experiment. BCA was added as the rates of 0, 1.5, 5, and 10 % (w/w). At the end of the incubation, the shoot height, biomass, and root morphological parameters including length, tips, and surface area were measured, as well as the properties (e.g., soil organic matter (SOM) content and cation exchange capacity (CEC)) of the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils.

Results and discussion

The BCA application at 1.5 % enhanced the growth of sesbania and seashore mallow and increased their total biomass by 309 and 70.8 %, respectively, while significantly inhibited both the halophyte growths at 10 %. Similarly, both the halophyte root morphologies (e.g., length and tips) significantly increased by BCA addition at 1.5 %. The promoting growth of the both halophytes could be resulted from the improvement of soil properties such as the increased SOM and CEC, the decreased amount of the exchangeable sodium (Ex-Na) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and the rhizosphere effect (e.g., decreased soil pH). The higher rate of BCA addition (e.g., 10 %) sharply increased soil salinity, responsible for the inhibition of both the halophyte growths. Although BCA addition may directly supply much nitrogen (N) for the soils, N bioavailability for both halophytes was not largely improved.

Conclusions

The short-term laboratory pot experiments revealed that producing the biochar-compost with desired properties (e.g., BCA) could be a feasible alternative to remediate the degraded coastal soil in the Yellow River Delta. Moreover, the addition of BCA should be kept at an optimal level, which may produce expected positive results. Our results will be helpful for supporting the strategy of designing right biochar-compost for the right soil.

     

Effect of grazing intensity on protozoan community,microbial biomass,and enzyme activity in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau

Purpose

The alpine meadow has received mounting attention due to its degradation resulting from overgrazing on the Tibetan Plateau. However, belowground biotic characteristics under varied grazing stresses in this ecosystem are poorly understood.

Materials and methods

Here, the responses of soil protozoan abundance, community composition, microbial biomass, and enzyme activity to five grazing patterns including (1) artificial grassland without grazing (AG), (2) winter grazing (WG), (3) grazing for 7 months within a fence (GF), (4) continuous grazing for a whole year (CG), and (5) natural heavy grazing (HG) were investigated for two continuous years. Soil protozoan community composition was investigated using the most possible number (MPN) method, and soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity were analyzed using chloroform fumigation extraction and substrate utilization methods, respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis, the analysis of variance (ANOVA), multiple comparisons, and correlation analysis were together performed.

Results and discussion

The WG treatment had the highest abundance of total protozoa (2342–2524 cell g^?1). Compared with AG treatment, HG treatment significantly reduced the abundance of soil total, flagellate and ciliate protozoa, and protease activities in 2012 and 2013. Significantly, lower soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) was also observed in the HG (6.60 and 14.6 mg N kg^?1) than those in other four treatments (22.3–82.9 mg N kg^?1) both in 2012 and 2013, whereas significantly higher microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was observed in HG than that in AG treatment in 2012. Moreover, significantly positive correlations were detected between the abundance of soil protozoa and soil moisture, pH, organic C, total N, and MBN. Our results indicated that soil protozoa showed a negative response to increasing grazing intensities and therefore, suggesting that aboveground grazing practices also exerted strong impact on belowground protozoa, not only on soil microbial characteristics.

Conclusions

Soil protozoan community composition was apparently different between the HG treatment and other four grazing patterns and was potentially impacted by altered soil properties and MBC and/or MBN. Our results suggested that moderate grazing may sustain better belowground biotic diversity and ecosystem functioning in this alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau.

     

地表糙度对径流和产沙影响的室内试验研究

该文通过室内人工模拟降雨的方法,分析了连续降雨过程条件下,不同糙度地表的径流量和产沙量的变化。研究结果表明：人工锄耕的地表,延缓径流的作用较为明显,但这一作用仅发生在降雨初期;随着降雨的进行,不同糙度地表的径流变化规律基本一致,先增加,随后趋于稳定的趋势,但径流总量没有明显变化。同样,人工锄耕的地表,延缓地表的产沙作用强于糙度小的地表,产沙率15°坡面要高于5°坡面,随着降雨的进行,在雨强1.0 mm/min条件下,这一变化更为明显,最终产沙总量变化不大。地表糙度对侵蚀的影响,不仅与降雨持续时间相关,同时与坡度密切相关,并初步证实黄土区地表糙度对侵蚀的影响存在着一定的临界条件。这为揭示地表糙度的本质特征提供了一定的理论依据,同时也可服务于黄土高原坡耕地水土流失的治理和退耕还林(草)工程的实施。     

分形理论在土壤肥力研究中的应用与前景

分形理论的提出对于定量描述复杂的、高度不规则的系统特征与机理提供了方法.本文从土壤腐殖质、土壤微生物、土壤团聚体等方面回顾了分形理论在土壤肥力研究中的主要结果:土壤腐殖质胶体在不同条件下形成不同分形特征的聚合物;同一种微生物可能形成具有不同分形特征的结构;土壤中的有机无机胶体在不同条件下凝聚成不同的团聚体,从而形成不同的土壤结构并对其肥力功能产生影响.我们认为分形理论在探索土壤的形成过程和肥力功能上将具有重要的应用前景:如团粒结构体的形成可能是由土壤胶体分形凝聚而成;土壤中的活性有机质有逐渐老化的现象,可能和腐殖质胶体由结构疏松的分形结构向普通团聚体过渡的过程有关;土壤微生物在不同微环境下具有不同的分形特征,可以推测在各种土壤过程(包括物理、化学以及生物化学过程)中它们的功能也可能是不一样的.此外,土壤结构的开放程度决定孔隙、水分以及空气的分布,从而决定了微生物的生存空间.所以土壤结构体对微生物空间分布的影响也是将来该领域值得研究的内容之一.     

优质高产晚籼新组合博优258的选育与应用

博优258是广西大学支农开发中心利用自选恢复系测258与不育系博A配组,于1998年晚造育成的感光型晚籼杂交水稻新组合。该组合株高110 cm左右,生长势强,茎杆粗壮,熟期转色好,抗逆性强,全生育期123 d。2000年和2001年参加广西晚造区域试验,结果显示:博优258比对照博优桂99增产3.0%和3.2%,增产效果显著,2003年2月通过广西区农作物品种委员会审定。经多年多点生产试验,博优258表现高产、优质、多抗,产量一般7 500 kg/hm2,高产的达9 750 kg/hm2,至今累计推广面积29.26万hm2,已成为广西晚造主导品种。     

草地净第一性生产力估算的研究进展

草地净第一性生产力(NPP)是全球变化与陆地生态系统研究的核心内容之一。草地NPP的模拟方法从站点实测法、统计模型发展到了机理性的过程模型,NPP的站点实测数据为统计模型和过程模型模拟结果提供参考。统计模型通过NPP和温度、降雨等气候因子或者直接与遥感获得的植被指数建立统计关系计算NPP;过程模型从机理上对植物的生物生理过程进行模拟并能够对NPP的影响因子进行分析,主要过程包括了光合作用、生长和维持呼吸、蒸散、氮吸收和释放、光合物质分配与分解,和季相变化等。遥感过程模型通过遥感手段获得地表覆盖状况、植被冠层结构变量值(如LAI)、地表反射率、地表辐射温度及土壤水分状况等作为重要参数应用到模型中,改善了模拟结果的时空精度,成为当前草地生产力模型的主要研究方向。最后对遥感监测草地NPP研究中存在的问题进行了分析并提出了展望。     

花魔芋和白魔芋褐变机理及褐变抑制研究

该文通过研究花魔芋和白魔芋球茎中酚类物质含量、多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol Oxidase, PPO)活性、褐变底物和干燥脱水过程中褐变的机理,探讨了无公害酶促褐变抑制剂植酸、抗坏血酸、柠檬酸、L-半胱氨酸对魔芋褐变的抑制效果。结果表明：从11月至次年1月,白魔芋球茎的总酚含量始终高于花魔芋,花魔芋的PPO活力始终强于白魔芋,白魔芋的褐变强度始终弱于花魔芋的褐变强度,褐变强度跟魔芋球茎PPO活力呈正相关。引起魔芋褐变的主要底物可能是多巴胺。引起白魔芋和花魔芋褐变的酶均为多酚氧化酶。对白魔芋采用0.01% L-半胱氨酸单因子抑制剂浸泡5 min,并在60℃下烘烤,所得白魔芋干片颜色白,效果最好。对花魔芋采用0.15% L-半胱氨酸+1%柠檬酸+1%植酸+0.01%抗坏血酸组合抑制剂浸泡5 min,并在60℃下烘烤,所得魔芋干片颜色白,效果最好。     

不同干燥工艺对莲子品质的影响

为深入了解不同干燥工艺对莲子干燥后品质的影响，该文以干燥后莲子的收缩率、复水率、抗性淀粉(RS)含量、色泽和组织结构为考察对象，研究了自然干燥、热风干燥、真空干燥、冷冻干燥、微波干燥和微波—热风联合干燥等6种不同干燥工艺对莲子品质的影响。结果表明：微波—热风联合干燥莲子的收缩率小，复水率高，RS含量低，色泽与莲子原始指标较接近，且能够较好地保持莲子的原始组织结构；微波干燥莲子的品质仅次于微波—热风联合干燥莲子；冷冻干燥莲子的收缩率和复水率均最佳，但RS含量高，色泽较莲子原始指标差，且组织结构发生了明显的变形和皱缩；自然干燥、热风干燥、真空干燥莲子的品质均较差。综合考虑，微波—热风联合干燥后的莲子除RS含量较低外，其他品质均较优，可作为最佳干燥方法应用于生产。     

农田水分监测与决策支持系统的实现

农田水分的实时采集、传输与处理是精细农业中实现节水灌溉的重要环节，而长期困扰该环节的一个技术瓶颈是实时数据的分布式采集与联动式决策的一体化处理。该文提出了一种基于GSM和FSK技术的农田水分监测与决策支持系统解决方案。该系统采用AT89C51单片机、嵌入式MCU结合TC35T模块、FSK模块和传感器组成数据采集终端，通过FSK调制技术实现不同采集单元间的分布式数据通讯。采集到的数据通过GSM网络传至PC监控机，经水分决策支持系统将决策结果以SMS短信形式发送到用户手机上。该系统在新疆兵团111农场70 hm²滴灌棉田得到应用，实现了农田水分实时监测、数据无线远程传输与灌溉科学决策的智能化管理。该系统的实现为大范围、多测点无人值守农田进行数据采集、传输和处理提供了一套可行的技术框架。