Recent Advances in the Enhancement of Agroecosystem Services and Functioning by Cotton-based Intercropping Systems

Cotton-based intercropping systems are one of modern agriculture farming systems aiming at improving overall economic profitability of cotton field, which not only release the competition for land between other crops and cotton and increase growing area and yield of both crops, but also represent a mechanistic approach to reconciling crop production and biodiversity conservation. Recently, cotton-based intercropping systems have been widely focused and applied. Here, we reviewed the potential of cotton-based intercropping systems to reinforce agroecosystem services and functioning, including promoted plant biodiversity, improved overall productivity and economic profits, increased light use efficiency, improved cotton quality, reduced pest and disease occurrence, and suppressed weed growth. Further, the underlying mechanisms behind the enhancement of agroecosystem services and functioning by cotton-based intercropping systems through niche complementarity, interspecific facilitation, and allelopathy between intercropped species were summarized in the paper. Finally, the research prospects were also pointed out.     

Cotton Chemical Topping by Applying DPC in Different Cotton-Growing Regions

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the stability and universality of cotton chemical topping by applying mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC) in different cotton-growing regions. [Method] Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at 10 locations in the Yellow River basin (Hejian and Handan, Hebei province; Dezhou and Wudi, Shandong province), the Yangtze River basin (Dafeng, Jiangsu province; Huanggang, Hubei province), and Xinjiang area (Shihezi location I and loacation II, northern Xinjiang and Luntai and Shaya, southern Xinjiang). Local cultivars/lines were used, and the experiments were performed using a randomized complete block design with three or four replicates. Accompanied with typical DPC multi-application in each location, chemical topping was conducted at 10 days before manual topping (T1) or at the same time with manual topping (T2) by applying four dosages of DPC (0, 90, 180, 270 g·hm^－2), manual topping was used as the first control and non-topping as the second control. [Result] The time of chemical topping significantly affected cotton plant height (except for the results in Handan, Dezhou and Wudi) and the number of fruit branches (except for the results in Dafeng and Huanggang). It was observed that earlier chemical topping would result in lower cotton plant height and a fewer fruit branches. In Hejian and Shihezi location I, the average plant height across DPC chemical topping at T1 stage was not only lower than that of T2 stage but also 3.3 cm and 4.6 cm lower than that of manual topping, respectively. In most locations, chemical topping at T1 stage increased around two fruit branches per plant compared with manual topping, while in T2 stage the increased fruit branches per plant ranged from 2.3 to 7.7. Also, we found that a higher dosage of DPC resulted in shorter plant height (except for that in Huanggang). In some locations, plant heights of chemical topping with 180 g·hm^－2 or 270 g·hm^－2 DPC were even shorter than that of manual topping. The number of fruit branches per plant of 0 g·hm^－2 DPC increased by 2.4-8.3 compared with manual topping. However, chemical topping with 90-270 g·hm^－2 DPC significantly reduced the number of fruit branches compared with 0 g·hm^－2 DPC. There were no significant differences in the number of fruit branches among three DPC dosages (90, 180, and 270 g·hm^－2). In Handan, seed cotton yield of chemical topping at T2 stage was significantly lower than that of manual topping due to the decreased boll number, which is possibly associated with the high temperature and drought weather after chemical topping. While at other locations, most treatments of chemical topping by using DPC did not produce significant effects on yield. In addition, chemical topping by using DPC did not delay cotton maturity, characterized by their similar boll-opening rate and the first harvest rate to those of manual topping before spraying harvest aids. [Conclusion] Cotton chemical topping with DPC is more stable and universal across different cotton-growing regions. We suggest that 90-180 g·hm^－2 DPC could be used at the same time with manual topping for cotton chemical topping.     

一种高产L-赖氨酸枯草芽孢杆菌的构建研究

为了选育一种非抗性、高产出、遗传稳定性好、低生产成本的L-赖氨酸生产菌株,以辣椒花药和枯草芽孢杆菌为试验材料,以穿梭表达载体pHT43和基因敲除载体pK18mobsacB为媒介,将辣椒花药中的高赖氨酸基因CFLR转化到枯草芽孢杆菌中。经过2次细胞内同源交换和培养基筛选,最终获得不带质粒抗性标记的高产L-赖氨酸枯草芽孢杆菌株CMCC(B)63501/pK18mobsacB-ΔALA::CFLR,该菌株连续传代20次后仍具有明显高于野生型的CFLR基因拷贝数,经HPLC验证,重组菌株L-赖氨酸含量比野生菌株提高了64.89%。结果表明,本研究所构建的非抗性高产L-赖氨酸枯草芽孢杆菌株产量高、遗传稳定性好、低纯化成本,具有良好的应用潜力。     

WRKY转录因子的结构及其在植物抗逆境胁迫中的功能

WRKY转录因子是一超级基因家族,广泛存在于高等植物界,参与了植物的多种生理生化与生长发育过程,在植物应对外界逆境胁迫发挥了十分重要的功能。WRKY超级基因家族由于其N端包括保守的WRKYGQK氨基酸序列而得名,通过其保守的氨基酸序列与靶标基因启动子区W-box相互结合,从而对靶标基因进行表达调控。本文主要综述了WRKY基因的结构特征及其在植物应答外界逆境胁迫过程中的功能,为进一步研究WRKY超级基因家族提供有益的启示。     

叶用莴苣荧光定量PCR体系的优化

为建立一套最适合叶用莴苣(Lactuca sativa L.)基因表达量研究的荧光定量PCR技术体系,以叶用莴苣S24为试材,采用SYBR GreenⅠ法,利用叶用莴苣内参基因的2对引物组合18SR1和18SR2,分别在10 μL和20 μL反应体系条件下进行扩增反应。结果表明,分别在10 μL和20 μL反应体系条件下内参基因引物组合18SR1的扩增曲线、标准曲线以及溶解曲线等指标都优于内参基因引物组合18SR2;2对内参基因引物组合18SR1和18SR2在10 μL反应体系中的扩增曲线、标准曲线以及溶解曲线等指标也均优于20 μL反应体系。因此叶用莴苣荧光定量PCR内参基因利用18SR1引物组合,反应体系采用10 μL比较合理。     

通辽南部山区1日暴雨与水库洪量相关计算分析

为了评价1日最大降水量与水库洪量的相关关系,为通辽市南部山区的中、小型水库除险加固提供理论依据,以该地区最大的中型水库（岗岗水库）为例,用简单近似方法计算1日暴雨和水库1日洪水过程的关系。结果表明,该地区1日暴雨与水库1日洪量直接相关;在分析特大洪水频率的基础上,计算出水库最大洪峰洪量。这在水库可研阶段或中小型水库除险加固缺少断面资料的情况下,具有重要的指导意义。     

播期对不同水稻品种生长特性的影响

为优化南京地区最佳播期及最适品种,以水稻品种‘两优6326’、‘南粳44’为研究对象,对不同播期试验下水稻产量和生育期及产量构成因素进行了分析。结果表明：随着播期的推迟,水稻的生育进程也相应顺延,2种水稻全生育期均缩短;播期对‘南粳44’各产量构成因素无显著影响,而‘两优6326’有效穗数在不同播期处理间差异显著(sig=0.008,P<0.05);‘两优6326’的有效穗数、‘南粳44’的有效穗数及穗粒数sig值均小于0.05,均与产量呈显著性相关;‘两优6326’产量总体高于‘南粳44’。对2种品种适宜播期综合评价表明,该地区宜早种植籼稻‘两优6326’,及早熟晚粳品种‘南粳44’。     

利用Insertion/Deletion(InDel)分子标记检测玉米互交种混杂的原理及应用

尽管分子标记广泛用于玉米品种纯度鉴定,但由于互交种基因组具有相同的基因,现有的分子标记技术尚不能对互交种的混杂进行有效判定。本研究基于玉米互交种胚乳等位基因二倍剂量关系,利用Insertion/Deletion(InDel)标记在PCR指数扩增期对等位基因扩增相对量的观察值与理论值进行统计分析,通过概率对互交种进行判定。经过筛选,亲本B73、Mo17间存在共显性差异的8个InDel标记中,5个标记的PCR扩增质量满足互交种样本(正交种:B73×Mo17,反交种:Mo17×B73)的鉴定要求。这些标记以不同的循环数进行PCR扩增,发现37个循环是处于指数扩增期的最佳鉴定时期。同一标记在每个样本中以37个循环数进行3次扩增重复,统计分析发现:不同标记在杂交种叶片DNA中等位基因扩增相对量与理论比1的统计概率值从6.50E-08到1.000不等,证实标记在等位基因间的扩增效率并不完全一致。对互交种胚乳等位基因扩增相对量进行卡方测验,4个InDel标记能够对互交种样本进行准确区分,所得概率符合判定标准。标记110仅能准确判定正交种,对反交种样本的统计概率不满足反交种判定的概率标准。结果显示,该分子标记方法可成功用于玉米互交种的判定。     

有机营养活化发酵液处理重茬土壤对苹果幼树生长的影响

为了探索减轻苹果幼树连作障碍的有效措施,增加耕地利用率,提高果园产量,于2009—2011年在牟平、招远（2处）、栖霞、蒙阴5处重茬果园定植苹果幼苗,结合苹果重茬综合防治技术体系进行管理。结果表明：活化发酵液处理重茬土壤地树体生长势明显增强,中枝数量、短枝数量、枝粗、株高、地径、新梢长、叶绿素含量平均分别增加105.45%、35.75%、35.92%、17.65%、23.66%、24.96%、9.16%。证明有机营养活化发酵液处理重茬土壤对苹果幼树克服连作障碍有明显改善作用。     

外源NO对UV-B胁迫下小麦幼苗生长、活性氧组分和光合特性的影响

为了研究外源NO对UV-B胁迫下小麦幼苗生长、活性氧组分以及光合特性的影响,以ML7113小麦为受试材料,以硝普钠(Sodium nitroprusside,SNP)作为外源NO的供体,预先用0.1 mmol/L的SNP浸种24 h,设置4个处理组：对照组(CK)、紫外线UV-B胁迫处理组(B)、UV-B胁迫和SNP复合处理组(B+SNP)、SNP单独处理组。待幼苗生长7天后取其叶片进行可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧阴离子(O₂^-)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、气孔密度、光合色素及叶绿素荧光参数等指标的测定。结果表明,NO供体SNP能显著增加经UV-B胁迫后小麦幼苗的株高,并使其小麦幼苗可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量分别提高19.69%、15.25%、41.36%,同时使其小麦叶正面气孔密度增大10.34%。SNP单独处理使得光合色素（叶绿素和类胡萝卜素）的含量较CK分别提高12.43%和5.99%,叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm和Fv/F0较CK显著提高0.5%和5.16%。此外,SNP能使小麦幼苗丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)的含量较CK显著降低27.30%和74.92%,超氧阴离子(O₂^-)的产生速率较CK显著降低24.47%。通过体内相关生理指标物质含量的变化来响应UV-B胁迫对小麦幼苗造成的伤害,而适宜浓度的外源NO(0.1 mmol/L)可以缓解UV-B胁迫下对小麦幼苗的伤害作用,从而增强小麦幼苗对UV-B胁迫的适应能力。