TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE ON THE LOESS PLATEAU OF CHINA TOWARD GREEN DEVELOPMENT

● Agriculture on Loess Plateau has transformed from food shortage to green development. ● Terracing and check-dams are the key engineering measures to increase crop yields. ● Agronomic measures and policy support greatly increased crop production. ● Increasing non-agricultural income is a key part of increasing farmers’ income. ● Grain for Green Program had an overwhelming advantage in protecting environment. Loess Plateau of China is a typical dryland agricultural area. Agriculture there has transformed from food shortage toward green development over the past seven decades, and has achieved world-renowned achievements. During 1950–1980, the population increased from 42 to 77 million, increasing grain production to meet food demand of rapid population growth was the greatest challenge. Engineering measures such as terracing and check-dam were the crucial strategies to increase crop production. From 1981 to 2000, most of agronomic measures played a key role in increasing crops yield, and a series of policy support has benefited millions of smallholders. As expected, these measures and policies greatly increased crop production and basically achieved food security; but, low per capita GDP (only about 620 USD in 2000) was still a big challenge. During 2001–2015, the increase in agricultural and non-agricultural income together supported the increase in farmer income to 5781 USD·yr^–1. Intensive agriculture that relies heavily on chemicals increased crop productivity by 56%. Steadfast policy support such as “Grain for Green Program” had an overwhelming advantage in protecting the natural ecological environment. In the new era, the integration of science and technology innovations, policy support and positive societal factors will be the golden key to further improve food production, protect environment, and increase smallholder income.     

三种供水处理对紫花苜蓿播种当年生长及品质的影响

研究了三种供水处理(W1、W2、W3灌溉量分别近似为650mm、580mm、500mm)对河西地区种植的紫花苜蓿第1年的生长状况、株高、叶面积、地上生物量、地下生物量及其营养品质的影响.结果表明,W1下生长速率最大,比W2、W3分别高9.5%和33.3%,初花期生长速率差异较大;随水分供应量增加,叶面积指数增大,开花期达到最大值,之后下降,整个生育期内叶面积指数变化呈抛物线形状.地上生物量与水分供应量呈线性正相关;根系主要分布在土壤表层0～40cm.W1和W2对紫花苜蓿的营养品质影响差异不明显,但W3的影响显著.同一水分处理下,蛋白质(CP)与脂肪(CE)含量随生育期延迟而减少,粗纤维(CF)含量则增加.在该地区灌溉选择W2处理(灌水580mm),即保持在最大土壤饱和持水量的70%,既能保证紫花苜蓿较高的地上生物量和较好的品质,又能节约当地的水资源.     

人雄激素受体的雄激素结合区cDNA在E.coli中的高效表达

将编码人雄激素受体（ｈＡＲ）的雄素结合区（ＬＢＤ）的ｃＤＮＡ片段（１００５ｂｐ）克隆到由Ｐ１启动子控制的硫氧还蛋白表达载体ｐＴｒｘＦｕｓ上,构建了表达质粒ｐＴｒｘＡＲ,并转化到大肠杆菌Ｇ１７２４中,经色氨酸诱导表达后,ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析,可观察到一高效表达的融合蛋白产物,此融合蛋白 分子了量与理论值相吻合,氨基酸组分分析证明了ＬＢＤ目的基因的表达。     

杂交野猪适宜日粮磷水平与钙磷比例的研究

选用纯种野公猪与杜洛克母猪的杂交后代含50%野猪血缘的42日龄杂交野猪36头,随机分成9组,试验为双因子3水平(3×3)析因安排分组,完全随机区组设计,每个因子3个水平,共9个处理。结果显示,不同磷水平与钙磷比例对各处理组的平均日耗料量、平均日增重、料重比差异均不显著(P>0.05)。不同钙磷比例水平下对血清钙的影响差异极显著(P<0.01),日粮磷和钙磷比例互作效应对血清钙影响差异极显著(P<0.01)。不同日粮钙磷比例对血清磷水平差异显著(P<0.05),日粮磷和钙磷比例互作效应对血清磷影响显著(P<0.05);0.4%的日粮磷水平与0.6%的磷水平对血清AKP活性影响差异极显著(P<0.01)。     

活猪携带猪瘟病毒检测方法比较

对2个猪场的母猪血清、扁桃体、全血样品和公猪精液分别应用荧光抗体染色法、RT-PCR、CS-FV抗原ELISA、CSFV糖蛋白Erns ELISA 4种方法进行CSFV对应检测和比较。结果显示,荧光抗体染色法检出率最高,但与其他3种方法存在较大差异,RT-PCR方法检出率和重复性次之;猪瘟抗原ELISA方法检出率第3,重复性第1;CSFV糖蛋白Erns检出率和重复性均最低,但可筛选是否感染猪瘟病毒野毒。在母猪3种样品中扁桃体的检出率最高,全血样品次之,血清检出率最低。4种样品中公猪精液重复性最好,其次是母猪全血样品,母猪扁桃体第3;母猪血清样品最差。     

黄芩多糖对肉仔鸡血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在探讨黄芩多糖对肉仔鸡血液生化指标的影响.选择120只1日龄艾维茵(AA)肉仔鸡,随机分为4个处理,每个处理3个重复,每个重复10只,分别在基础饲粮中添加0、100、200和400 mg/kg黄芩多糖提取物.试验期为49 d.测定各组血液生化指标.结果表明,黄芩多糖对血清总蛋白、钙以及磷的影响不显著(P＞0.05),其中200 mg/kg添加组对各项指标的影响优于其他添加组.由此可知,饲粮中添加适量的黄芩多糖对血液生化指标影响不显著,但200 mg/kg添加量相对较好.     

环境高温对两品种肉鸡生长、胴体性状及脂肪沉积的影响

选择体重相近、健康的5周龄AA肉鸡公鸡和北京油鸡公鸡各108只,评价持续高温对其生产性能、胴体组成、脂肪沉积的影响,比较其对高温耐受性的差异。试验设3个处理：34℃持续高温,自由采食（试验组,34AL）;21℃适温,自由采食（适温对照组,21AL）;21℃适温,采食量与34AL组相同（采食配对组,21PF）。所有仔鸡在人工环控舱饲养至8周龄试验结束。结果表明：AA肉鸡在持续高温下的采食量比适温对照组降低45%（P〈0.001）,日增重由61.45 g/d降至22.29 g/d（P〈0.001）,饲料利用率明显降低（P〈0.05）。对北京油鸡而言,热暴露虽然也使采食量大幅下降（下降幅度为20%,P〈0.001）,但日增重却没有受到高温的影响,饲料利用率明显提高（P〈0.05）。北京油鸡在试验期间无一死亡,而高温处理的AA肉鸡死亡率高达36%。与适温对照组相比,高温试验组AA肉鸡的胸肌率明显下降（P〈0.05）,肌间脂肪和皮下脂肪的沉积率明显降低（P〈0.01）,腹脂沉积率无明显变化（P〉0.05）。北京油鸡胸肌率未受到高温的影响,但热暴露北京油鸡腹脂沉积率明显高于适温对照组（P〈0.05）,肌间脂肪和皮下脂肪的沉积相对稳定（P〉0.05）。研究表明,北京油鸡对高温表现出极高的耐受性,在持续34℃高温下正常的生长、发育没有受到影响;AA肉鸡在持续34℃高温下,正常的生长、发育被极大程度地破坏,死亡率高。北京油鸡适应高温的调节机制可能与其在高温下腹脂沉积增加及饲料利用率提高有关。     

日粮蛋白质水平对多阶段周龄饲养肉鸡生产性能、胴体组成及氮排出的影响

试验选用768只1日龄肉公鸡,随机将其分为6个处理,每个处理8个重复。依据理想赖氨酸:蛋氨酸比例及赖氨酸需要量回归方程,研究每周赖氨酸需要量分别增加5%、10%以及降低5%、10%、15%后,日粮中不同蛋白质水平对肉鸡生产性能、胴体组成及氮排出的影响。试验结果表明:①氨基酸-蛋白质水平提高后可显著降低0～7周龄肉鸡腹脂含量(P0.05),对生产性能及胸肉、腿肉产量无显著影响;②降低氨基酸-蛋白质水平能显著降低粪氮排出(P0.05),当氨基酸水平降低10%～15%后,肉鸡腹脂量显著增加(P0.05),对0～7周龄肉鸡平均体重、体增重、采食量、饲料转化率及胸肉、腿肉产量没有显著影响(P0.05);③0～1周龄肉公鸡日粮中赖氨酸水平降低5%(蛋白水平降为21.47%)时,对其生产性能和胴体组成无任何不良影响,同时可最大程度地减少氮排出。     

The 16MΔvjbR as an ideal live attenuated vaccine candidate for differentiation between Brucella vaccination and infection

Brucellosis brings great economic burdens for developing countries. Live attenuated vaccines are the most efficient means for prevention and control of animal Brucellosis. However, the difficulties of differentiating of infection from vaccine immunization, which is essential for eradication programs, limit their applications. Therefore, the development of a vaccine that could differentiate infection from immunization will overcome the limitations and get extensive application. VjbR is a quorum sensing regulator involving in Brucella's intracellular survival. The vjbR∷Tn5 mutants have been proven effective against wild type strain challenge, implying its possibility of use in vaccine candidate development. To further evaluate this candidate gene, in the present study, the antigenicity of purified recombinant VjbR protein was analyzed. Antibodies to Brucella melitensis VjbR could be detected in sera from patients and animals with brucellosis but not in control ones, implying the potential use of this protein as a diagnostic antigen. Then a vjbR mutant of B. melitensis 16M was constructed by replacing the vjbR with kanamycin gene. The mutant showed reduced survival in macrophage and mice. Vaccination of BALB/c mice with 16MΔvjbR conferred significant protective immunity against B. melitensis strain 16M challenges, being equivalent to which induced by the license vaccine Rev.1. The vjbR deletion mutant elicited an anti-Brucella-specific immunoglobulin G response and induced the secretion of gamma interferon and interleukin-10. The most importance is that, the use of vjbR mutants as vaccines in association with diagnostic tests based on the VjbR antigen would allow the serological differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals. These results suggest that 16MΔvjbR is an ideal live attenuated vaccine candidate against B. melitensis and deserves further evaluation for vaccine development.     

牛结核γ-干扰素ELISA检测方法在检疫工作中的应用

为评价牛γ-干扰素ELISA检测方法检测牛结核的效果及国产试剂盒的检测效果,本试验首先将国产试剂盒与Prionics试剂盒对42份相对阳性的样品和105份相对阴性的样品进行对比研究。然后对5个规模化牛场的3000头奶牛首先进行国产单纯结核菌素颈部皮内变态反应试验,3天后选取皮内变态反应阳性和可疑及部分阴性牛共418头,进行牛γ-干扰素试验。结果国产试剂盒对阳性和阴性样品的检测敏感性和特异性分别为95.2%和100%,与Priobics试剂盒的符合率为99.3%。表明国产试剂盒与进口试剂盒的检测能力一致,牛γ-干扰素检测方法准确可靠。5个牛场的3000头奶牛单纯结核菌素颈部皮内变态反应试验阳性为138头,可疑105头。γ-干扰素试验对418头奶牛的检测,其中阳性74头,与颈部皮内变态反应（可疑牛暂时视为阴性）的符合率为60.5%。