喷杆式喷雾机喷雾参数优化

在农业生产系统中,喷雾是一个复杂的物理过程,影响喷雾质量的因素错综复杂,难以给出一个适合各种情况的综合喷量.喷雾参数的优化旨在从众多的喷雾参数中分析找出影响喷雾质量的主要因素,并提出相对合理的取值范围,从而为农药的合理使用在技术上提供参考依据.     

Validation of dual-crop coefficient method for calculation of rice evapotranspiration under drying–wetting cycle condition

Based on data collected from rice fields under drying–wetting cycle condition, the procedure of dual-crop coefficient (K _cd) approaches was calibrated and validated to reveal its feasibility and improve its performance in rice evapotranspiration (ET _c) estimation. It was found that K _cd based on FAO-recommended basal crop coefficients (K _cb) underestimated dual-crop coefficients in monsoon climate region in East China. The recommended coefficient (K _cp) value of 1.2 was not high enough to reflect the pulse increase of rice ET _c after soil wetting. The K _cb values were calibrated as 1.52 and 0.63 in midseason and late season, and the K _cp value was adjusted as 1.29 after soil wetting in rice field under drying–wetting cycle condition. The dual-crop coefficient curves based on locally calibrated K _cbCal and K _cpCor matched well with the measured crop coefficients and performed well in calculating rice evapotranspiration from paddy fields under drying–wetting cycle condition. So it can be concluded that the procedure of dual-crop coefficient method is feasible in rice ET _c estimation, and locally calibrated K _cb and K _cp can improve its performance remarkably.     

Exogenous CaCl2 reduces salt stress in sour jujube by reducing Na+ and increasing K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in different plant organs

In this study, we investigated the effects of 10 mM CaCl₂ on membrane permeability, malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ concentrations in different organs of sour jujube grown under 150 mM NaCl stress. Our results showed 73% leaf wilting in the Na treatment. The Na treatment significantly increased leaf superoxide (O₂^.?) production rates, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) concentrations, cell membrane permeability, MDA concentrations, and Na⁺ concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves. The Na treatment significantly reduced K⁺, Ca²⁺,and Mg²⁺ concentrations in roots, but increased K⁺ concentrations in stems. Compared with the Na treatment, 39% of the leaves showed wilting symptoms in the Na+Ca treatment. The Na+Ca treatment significantly decreased leaf O₂^.? production rates, H₂O₂ concentrations, cell membrane permeability, and MDA concentrations. Moreover, the Na+Ca treatment (1) significantly reduced Na⁺ concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves; (2) significantly increased root K⁺ concentrations; (3) significantly increased K⁺/Na⁺ ratios in roots; (4) significantly increased Ca²⁺ concentrations in stems and leaves, and Mg²⁺ concentrations in roots. In conclusion, exogenous CaCl₂ reduces NaCl stress in sour jujube by reducing Na+ concentrations and increasing K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ concentrations in various plant organs.     

自制硅酸盐对传统糯米灰浆性能的影响

采用灰浆性能表征和扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、红外光谱（FTIR）等技术手段,探讨了自制硅酸盐对糯米灰浆的影响及作用机理。结果表明：自制硅酸盐对糯米灰浆的表面硬度、抗压强度、耐冻融性和耐水性均有一定程度的改善。6%自制硅酸盐糯米灰浆的综合性能最佳,其66 d抗压强度高达1.41 MPa,耐冻融性较之空白样品提高了133%,耐水性能提高了43.8%。改性糯米灰浆耐水性等性能的提高,可能与灰浆中水化硅酸钙的生成有关。     

套袋与不套袋对苹果食用安全性的影响

在果园常规管理模式下,比较了果实套袋与不套袋对苹果食用安全性的影响。通过对生产中允许使用以及国家在果树上禁限用的31种农药和重金属总砷的分析,结果表明,不套袋苹果中检出的农药残留量及总砷含量稍高于套袋,但从果实生长初期到采收期,无论套袋与否,果实内残留的农药和总砷含量均远低于国家标准规定的限量值。因此,在常规管理模式下,不套袋对苹果安全食用没有影响;而苹果套袋应对果袋进行规范管理,避免其对苹果的质量安全出现负面影响。     

1ZL5型马铃薯中耕机的设计与试验

针对马铃薯垄作栽培种植中肥量需求量大、土壤疏松程度高等要求,研究设计了1ZL5型马铃薯中耕机。通过对整机结构和工作原理的阐述以及对开沟铲和覆土铧工作断面参数的理论分析,获得了机具关键部件的具体结构参数。同时,对整机的作业性能进行了田间试验,结果表明:设计的马铃薯中耕机各项试验指标均满足马铃薯中耕要求,能够一次性完成松土、除草、筑垄等作业,还兼有蓄水、保墒的作用。该研究为马铃薯中耕机的研发提供了参考。     

荞麦剥壳效果在线检测装置的设计与试验

为提高荞麦剥壳设备的自动化程度,改善以往依靠手工筛分、计算的方法得到碎米率、整米率和未剥壳率,且不能实时检测等问题,设计了一种基于图像识别技术的荞麦剥壳效果在线检测装置并进行了测试试验。该装置主要由取样机构、匀样机构、图像识别系统和气流除尘光照箱等组成。试验结果表明:碎米率均值误差为1.0 8%、整米率均值误差为-4.4 9%、未剥壳率均值误差为3.4 3%,能够较为准确地反映出荞麦加工过程中的剥壳效果。     

基于RS的崇明岛土地利用变化及驱动力分析

对区域某时段内土地利用变化进行研究,并分析引起变化的驱动力因素,可以了解该区域土地资源利用的合理性,并为进一步制定符合土地资源可持续发展的经济发展规划,尤其为发展低碳产业提供科学依据。笔者运用遥感软件ENVI 4.8对崇明岛2000年、2005年、2010年3期Landsat ETM+遥感影像进行解译分类,对土地利用变化的特征和速率及驱动力因素进行分析。结果表明：崇明岛总面积不断增加,各土地利用类型的面积不断变化,表现出耕地及林地面积呈减少趋势,其中,林地降幅最大;建设用地、水体及未利用地面积呈增加趋势,其中,建设用地增幅最大;土地利用变化的速率不断提高。引起崇明岛土地利用变化的主要驱动力因素为社会经济因素,具体包括农业发展、人口增长及以工业为主的经济发展等;表现为碳源的土地利用方式面积减少,而表现为碳汇的土地利用方式面积则增加。     

石墨炉原子吸收法检测大米中镉含量影响因素的响应面优化

采用响应面法优化了石墨炉原子吸收法检测大米中重金属镉含量的影响因素。在单因素试验基础上,根据中心复合设计原理(CCD),采用五因素三水平的响应面分析法,以大米中镉含量测定结果的偏离差值为响应值,分析各因素的影响显著性与交互作用,得到最佳工艺条件为:干燥温度140℃,干燥时间35s,灰化温度250℃,原子化温度1600s,原子化时间5s。在最优条件下检测到大米中镉含量为0.192mg/kg±0.003mg/kg。     

臭氧技术在养殖中的应用

臭氧技术在消毒防疫方面显示出独特作用。臭氧短时间内弥散到圈舍各个角落,瞬间杀灭病毒、细菌、真菌和寄生虫类等侵染性的病菌,有效预防呼吸道疾病的感染和传播,同时消除异味,改善环境。臭氧技术处理饮用水可净化水质,减少或杜绝畜禽胃肠道疾病发生,提高畜禽免疫力,生产绿色肉、蛋、奶食品。