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101.
Soledad Martos Anna Andolfi Jordi Luque Laura Mugnai Giuseppe Surico Antonio Evidente 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,121(4):451-461
In recent years an increasing number of species of Botryosphaeriaceae have been associated with grapevine decline worldwide.
Five species isolated from declining grapevines in Spain (Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, Dothiorella viticola, Neofusicoccum luteum and N. parvum) were checked for toxin production in liquid cultures. Cultural conditions for all fungi were adjusted to obtain optimal
production of phytotoxic culture filtrates, by growing the fungi in steady liquid cultures of Czapek–Dox broth for different
time intervals. Phytotoxicity of D. seriata and N. parvum reached a maximum after 14 days while the remaining species showed the highest phytotoxicity levels after 21 days in culture.
All fungi produced hydrophilic high-molecular weight compounds with phytotoxic properties. In addition, N. luteum and N. parvum produced lipophilic low-molecular weight phytotoxins, not detected consistently among the remaining species. This led to
a more exhaustive study on the phytotoxicity of N. luteum and N. parvum. Culture filtrates and corresponding extracts of both species were consistently highly phytotoxic in different assays. The
gas-chromatography analysis of the acetylated O-methyl glycosides of the phytotoxic exopolysaccharides produced by N. parvum showed these substances to be composed mainly of glucose, mannose and galactose. Results suggest that phytotoxic metabolites
could be involved in the virulence of both species in planta. 相似文献
102.
Catello Pane Gianluca Francese Francesco Raimo Giuseppe Mennella Massimo Zaccardelli 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2017,148(3):687-697
Antifungal activity of plant-derived compounds can be exploited in disease management systems to improve sustainability and replace synthetic molecules. In this study, four crude hydroethanolic extracts of leaves, collected from Italian Solanum spp. landraces, were selected to evaluate their ability to suppress Sclerotinia minor Jagger, a great threat to lettuce production worldwide. In vitro fungal development was inhibited by Solanum melongena L. and S. aethiopicum L. extracts showing a dose-dependent correlation. At the highest concentration tested in the current experiments (45 mg mL?1) antifungal activity caused up to 90% growth reduction. The exposure of the fungus to S. aethiopicum extracts incited pronounced changes in the hyphal morphology as observed under light microscopy. Consistently, under laboratory conditions, in planta application of the active extracts on lettuce significantly reduced Sclerotinia drop disease in comparison to non-treated controls. Phytochemical composition was determined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analyses. Four secondary metabolites differentially present in the extracts, identified as n-caffeoylputrescine, chlorogenic acid, isoquercitrin and solasodoside A, are hypothesized to play a crucial role in mechanisms underlying biological effects of extracts. PCA analysis showed positive correlations of these compounds with the overall control ability of the extracts. The results indicated that foliar material from cultivated eggplant could be suitable to produce biological-based remedies for controlling plant diseases. 相似文献
103.
Synthesis,theoretical studies,and effect on the photosynthetic electron transport of trifluoromethyl arylamides
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104.
Giuseppe E. Massimino Cocuzza Urbaneja Alberto Estrella Hernández-Suárez Felipe Siverio Silvia Di Silvestro Alejandro Tena Rapisarda Carmelo 《Journal of pest science》2017,90(1):1-17
The African citrus psyllid (AfCP), Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Hemiptera, Triozidae), recently has been found in northwestern Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). The insect is an important citrus pest because it transmits the phloem-limited bacteria Candidatus liberibacter spp., the causal agents of huanglongbing (HLB), the most devastating disease affecting citrus. The bacteria can be acquired by both AfCP nymphs and adults, but only adults can spread the pathogen. HLB has been detected neither in the Iberian Peninsula nor in Madeira and the Canary Islands, where the psyllid was recorded more than a decade ago. In the latter European islands, the eradication programmes of AfCP failed. Chemical-based control strategies are costly, could trigger increases of other pests and may have negative impact on the environment. The adoption of rigorous quarantine measures is extremely important for areas free of the psyllid. These measures likely represent the most effective prevention strategies for psyllid containment, because the geographic expansion of psyllids in citrus is mainly due to human activities, especially by the transport of plants and freshly harvested fruits from infested to uninfested areas. Many natural enemies may contribute to the reduction of its populations and consequent spread; hence, conservation biological control should be emphasised, especially in areas where the psyllid is not abundant. Classical biological control programmes should also be implemented in HLB-free areas by introducing effective AfCP parasitoids. In areas where HLB is detected, biological control is difficult to apply, and a rigorous chemical control program targeting the psyllid could complement this strategy. This report is an updated review of AfCP and strategies for its control in anticipation of its possible further spread in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. 相似文献
105.
106.
Janaina Kelli Gomes Arandas Ângelo Giuseppe Chaves Alves Olivardo Facó Ernandes Barboza Belchior Luciana Shiotsuki Paulo Márcio Barbosa de Arruda Leite Maria Norma Ribeiro 《Tropical animal health and production》2017,49(7):1479-1487
The implementation of sustainable breeding programs requires genetic breeding strategies that are appropriate for the reality production systems. It is also essential that the choice of animal selection criteria be based on breeders’ knowledge and objectives. This work is an ethno-zootechnical study of the Morada Nova sheep breed and its crossbreeds. The goals of this study were to register and analyze indigenous breeders’ knowledge and practices regarding animal selection criteria and to generate technical information to support a participatory breeding program of the breed. This study was conducted in the Morada Nova municipality in the state of Ceará, Brazil. Semi-structured interviews were evaluated using two groups of individuals, purebred Morada Nova sheep breeders (RMN, n = 13) and breeders of Morada Nova crossbreeds (MMN, n = 48). Interview questions were used to identify local selection criteria adopted by each group in the choice of animals for breeding. Data from the interviews were submitted to frequency distribution analysis and the Shapiro-Wilk test to verify their distribution. Later, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the two groups of farmers based on that information, in addition to multivariate statistical analysis and evaluation of Smith salience index. Breeders in the RMN group used selection criteria related to breed standards, such as pelage color. In contrast, breeders of the MMN group used criteria related to productivity, such as body conformation and milk production. Breeders should be engaged in the development of breeding programs, and it is important to consider their preferences and objectives when evaluating breeding animals. 相似文献
107.
Gianluca Neglia Bianca Gasparrini Domenico Vecchio Marcello Rubessa Rossella Di Palo Luigi Zicarelli Giuseppe Campanile 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(6):1243-1247
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exogenous progesterone supplementation on superovulatory response in buffaloes
that has undergone a multiple ovulation program. Fourteen Mediterranean buffaloes were divided into two groups and received
a 4-day decreasing dosage of an equal mixture of 500 IU of FSH and LH starting on day 8 of the cycle. In group A (n = 7) a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device was removed on day 8, whereas in group B (n = 7) it was left till day 10, when PGF2a {\hbox{PG}}{{\hbox{F}}_{{2}\alpha }} was administered. Eighty hours later, buffaloes were artificially inseminated and after 6 days they undergone uterine flushing.
A higher (P < 0.05) number of corpora lutea (8.3 vs. 5.7) and embryo/flushing/buffalo (2.3 vs. 1.3) were recorded in group B vs. group
A if responsive buffaloes are considered (n = 12) and the number of corpora lutea was highly correlated with the number of embryos (r = 0.65; P < 0.05). In conclusion, progesterone supplementation during the first 2 days of the superovulation treatment seems to enhance
the recovery rate in buffalo species. A high ovulation rate, associated with a high number of corpora lutea, can represent
a parameter for estimating embryo recovery. 相似文献
108.
Maria Teresa Scicluna Andrea CaprioliGiorgio Saralli Giuseppe MannaAntonino Barone Antonella CersiniGiusy Cardeti Renato Ugo CondoleoGian Luca Autorino 《Veterinary microbiology》2010
Only limited information is available on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) in domestic buffalos. In this study, a virulent BoHV-1 field strain isolated from cattle was inoculated into buffaloes to evaluate their susceptibility to the virus and to investigate the establishment of viral latency through clinical, virological and serological investigations. Latency was also studied by attempting viral reactivation using pharmacological induction. Six of seven male, 5 months old buffaloes were intranasally inoculated with BoHV-1; the other animal was kept as negative control. The animals were clinically monitored during the post-infection (P.I.) and the post-pharmacological induction (P.P.) periods. During these periods, nasal and rectal swabs, and blood samples, with and without anticoagulant, were collected at 2–3 day intervals. On culling the animals, 206 days P.I., their trigeminal ganglia and tonsils were collected. No clinical signs referable to BoHV-1 were observed throughout the experimental period. However, seropositivity was detected in all infected animals within day 20 P.I., using BoHV-1 glycoprotein E and glycoprotein B competitive ELISAs (IDEXX) and virus neutralisation test. In real-time PCR (RT-PCR), five of these animals were positive, at least once, for nasal or rectal swabs, during the P.I. period. The sixth infected animal was found positive only in the trigeminal ganglia after culling. Ganglia were also positive for two other animals. Virus isolation in permissive cell-lines was successful for a part of the RT-PCR positive samples. The detected viruses were confirmed by genetic analysis as identical to the inoculated strain. No evidence of infection was observed in the negative control. This study represents the first experimental transmission of BoHV-1 in buffaloes, confirming their susceptibility to infection and their possible role as host/reservoirs of BoHV-1. 相似文献
109.
Simona Valentini Roberto Tamburro Alessandro Spadari Jose Manuel Vilar Giuseppe Spinella 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2010
Ocular ultrasonography in horses represents a valuable imaging diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of intraocular and periocular diseases, particularly when cornea or lens opacities preclude ophthalmoscopy of deeper structures. The authors studied normal and pathological aspects of the eye. Nineteen horses with opacities of the dioptric structures underwent an ultrasound examination. This technique allowed the diagnosis of a posterior synechia (1), cataracts (8), vitreous opacities (6), retinal detachment (3), and a foreign body (1). Ultrasonography provided helpful information about the structure and vascular pattern when the conventional ophthalmic evaluation was unable to achieve a correct diagnosis. 相似文献
110.
Nutrient efficacy of microalgae as aquafeed additives for the adult black tiger prawn,Penaeus monodon
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Yan Li Guoqiang Xiao Arnold Mangott Megan Kent Igor Pirozzi 《Aquaculture Research》2016,47(11):3625-3635
This study used a small amount of several lyophilized microalgae (5% of dry weight in aquafeed) to feed adult black tiger prawns Penaeus monodon for 4 weeks, aiming to promote prawn health and nutritional level. Apart from slight increases in ash content, chlorophyll and β‐carotene in the microalgae‐added feeds, there was no difference from the commercial diet in their biochemical composition. After 28 days of feeding, prawn body length, body weight, condition index and also total amount of fatty acids and amino acids of the flesh (2nd abdominal segment) were not affected by microalgae additives as compared with the control commercial diet‐fed group (P > 0.05). Prawns fed the microalgae diets, however, had a relatively better survival rate than those fed the commercial control diet, although no statistical significance was detected in any except for the diatom Melosira sp. The elevated survival rate was concomitant with a higher phagocytosis rate and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the immune response analysis, and significantly a higher astaxanthin content detected in the tail muscle of microalgae diet‐fed prawns (5.36–10.78 ng of astaxanthin per gram of muscle DW). These findings demonstrated that low‐inclusion microalgal additives in prawn diets over a short feeding period (4 weeks) can result in healthier adult prawn, and hence could contribute to the development of an optimized feeding strategy for prawn aquaculture close to harvesting. 相似文献