Foot-and-mouth disease virus typing by complement fixation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monovalent and polyvalent antisera.

An indirect "sandwich" enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using polyvalent and monovalent antisera was compared with the 50% complement fixation (CF50) test for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) O, A, and C virus types. ELISA was more sensitive than CF50 tests when polyvalent antisera were used for detecting the 3 types of virus in epithelial samples, whereas ELISA using monovalent antisera was the least sensitive technique. The ELISA performed with polyvalent antisera was 9 times more sensitive for detecting FMD virus than that with monovalent antisera. However, viral isolation in cell culture was the most sensitive detection system. The combined use of ELISA with polyvalent antisera and cell culture inoculations was the most effective procedure for identifying FMD virus in epithelial samples from the field.     

The effect of aging of milk samples on the accuracy of infrared analysis of milk composition]

The effect of a decrease (and/or fermentation) in the lactose content during milk storage under different conditions was investigated on the accuracy of the results obtained on a Milko-Scan apparatus to contribute to the present knowledge of this problem. The results were in agreement with some results cited in the literature. These wavelengths are used for infrared spectrophotometry on the above apparatus: for fat 3.48 microns, for proteins 6.46 microns and for lactose 9.60 microns. Bulk milk samples used for the tests were untreated or treated with potassium dichromate, bronopol, sodium azide and Milkofix at the temperatures of storage in darkness 20 degrees C and 4 degrees C. The differences against the reference values (measured on the first day) were determined and evaluated in milk composition and characteristics as arising during milk storage. These differences were used in form of either cumulative means of differences (Figs. 1 to 5) or individual differences (Fig. 8). In the first part significant correlation coefficients (P less than 0.001) were calculated for the relationship between the variations of lactose content and the fat and protein contents: r = -0.59 and/or -0.73 (Figs. 6 and 7). This suggests that the decrease in the lactose content by 0.10% recorded by the infrared analysis and caused by lactose decomposition is accompanied by a "seeming" increase in the fat and protein content by about 0.04%. In the second part the correlation coefficients for the fat and protein contents r = -0.96 and -0.96 (P less than 0.001; Figs. 9 and 10; Tab. II) were calculated on the basis of an observation of the lactose decrease in an untreated milk sample (20 degrees C for 28 hours). These coefficients are somewhat different from the preceding ones; this is due to the lower homogeneity of the first set where the milk samples were treated in a different way, but the coefficients confirm the same conclusions. The values of the correlation coefficients for the dependence between the development of the acquired titratable acidity (SH) and the variations of fat (F), protein (P) and lactose (L) contents were as follows: r = 0.95; 0.95; -0.99 (P less than 0.001; Figs. 12, 13; Tab. II). Thus the above-mentioned "seeming" increase in the F and P contents can be explained to the extent of 92.2% from the decrease in the L content, which also causes the increase in titratable acidity to the extent of 98.0%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Molecular aspects of the potato — Phytophthora infestans interaction

The fungal pathogenPhytophthora infestans is the causal organism of late blight, one of the most devastating diseases of potato. In the past, various aspects of the potato-P. infestans interaction have been studied extensively. In this paper we briefly review the current knowledge of the molecular events associated with the interaction and in addition we discuss a new approach for analyzing the molecular basis of pathogenicity ofP. infestans.     

Reproductive performance of nili-ravi buffaloes after a single injection of GnRH earlypost partum

Summary Sixty dairy buffaloes (second to fourth lactation) from a large buffalo farm were used to compare the effects of single intramuscular injections of 100 µg gondadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), 250 µg GnRH or saline given on day 14post partum. The buffaloes had calved at the end of the breeding season (December). Milk samples for progesterone determination were taken at the time of injection and then three times a week either until first insemination or until around day 90post partum. GnRH given at 14 dayspost partum resulted in quicker completion of uterine involution, earlier resumption of ovarian activity, shorter intervals between calving and conception and a better first service conception rate in non-suckled dairy buffaloes. Differences between the results obtained by a GnRH dose level of 100 µg and 250 µg were non-significant. In the post-treatment period cases of prolonged luteal activity were common in all groups of buffaloes. Therefore the sequential administration of GnRH and prostaglandin is suggested for the management of post-partum reproductive activity in problem herds.

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Desempeno Reproductivo De Bufalos Nili-Ravi Despues De Una Sola Inyeccion De GnRH Temprano Despues Del Post-Parto

Resumen Sesenta búfalos lecheros (segunda a cuarta lactancia) pertenecientes a un hato grande fueron utilizados para comparar los efectos de inyecciones intramusculares de 100 µg de GnRH, 250 µg y de solución salina, aplicadas 14 días después del parto. Los búfalos habian parido al final de la estación de pariciones (diciembre). Se tomaron muestras de leche para medir progesterona, en el momento de la inyección y después tres veces por semana hasta la primera inseminación, o hasta cerca de los 90 días post-parto. La GnRH administrada 14 días post-parto, dio como resultado una rápida involución uterina, más rápido retorno a la actividad ovárica, más cortos intervalos entre partos y concepción, y un mejor índice servicio-concepción en búfalos lecheros que no estaban amamantando. Los resultados de dosis de 100 µg y 250 µg no fueron significativos. En el período post-tratamiento, los casos de actividad luteal prolongada fueron comunes en todos los grupos de búfalos. Se sugiere entonces, la administración secuencial de GnRH y prostaglandina, parar el manejo de la actividad reproductiva post-parto en hatos problema.

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Performances De Reproduction Du Buffle Nili-Ravi Apres Une Injection Unique PrecocePost Partum De Gonadotrophine (GnRH)

Résumé Soixante bufflesses laitières (de la seconde à la quatrième lactation), appartenant à une grande ferme d'élevage de buffles, ont été utilisées pour comparer les effets d'une injection unique intramusculaire de 100 µg de gonadotrophine, ou de 250 µg du même produit ou d'une solution de sérum physiologique. Les bufflesses avaient mis bas à la fin de la saison de reproduction soit en décembre. Des prélèvements de lait ont été effectués pour déterminer le taux de progestérone au moment de l'injection d'une part, puis trois fois par semaine d'autre part jusqu'à la première insémination ou aux alentours d'une période de 90 jours après le part. La gonadotrophine, libérée sous forme d'hormone (GnRH), injectée 14 jours après la mise bas a eu pour effet un retour complet plus rapide de l'involution utérine et des intervalles plus courts entre la mise bas et la conception ainsi qu'un meilleur taux de conception à la première monte chez les femelles laitières non allaitantes. Les différences entre les résultats obtenus par une dose de 100/µg ou de 250/µg de gonadotrophine (GnRH) n'étaient pas significatives. Pendant la période post-thérapeutique, des cas d'activité lutéale prolongée ont été courants dans tous les groupes de bufflesses. En conséquence, l'administration séquentielle de GnRH et de prostaglandine est conseillée pour contrôler l'activité post-partum de reproduction dans les troupeaux qui présentent des problèmes de cet ordre.

     

Effect of fertilizers on Taenia saginata Goeze, 1782 egg viability in vitro

The effect of seven fertilizers on the viability of Taenia saginata eggs was tested in vitro. The most destructive effect was produced by lime-nitrogen, in which the eggs survived only for 24 hours in the substance and for two days in a saturated solution. In the limestone the eggs survived for three days.     

Necrotizing enteritis in suckling pigs (Clostridium perfringens type C enterotoxemia). II. Toxin formation, heat and drug resistance of Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from suckling pigs and broilers with necrotizing enteritis]

Nineteen Clostridium perfringens Type C strains and ten foreign control strains of subtypes C1, C3, and C4 were tested for their toxin formation and spore resistance to heat. The 19 Type C strains had been isolated from unweaned piglets in the context of necrotising enteritis outbreaks in the GDR. The Clostridium perfringens Type C strains formed beta-toxin, but they failed to form epsilon-toxin or gamma-toxin, alpha-toxin was successfully recorded from 15 of the 19 strains tested from unweaned piglets. The minor-lethal toxin fractions were also tested, with delta-toxin being recorded from all strains, non-alpha-delta-theta-toxin from six, theta-toxin from five, and K-toxin from one. Tests for delta-toxin, lambda-toxin, and mu-toxin were negative. The Clostridium perfringens Type C strains isolated in the GDR from unweaned piglets with necrotising enteritis were, basically, identical with those described in Denmark by von Hogh (1967) with regard to toxin formation. Clostridium perfringens strains cultured in broilers with necrotising enteritis were characterised by regular toxin production in the context of alpha, theta, delta as well as non-alpha-delta-theta. They failed to form beta, epsilon, gamma and lambda, while mu-toxin was formed by them quite irregularly. They, consequently, are Type A strains. Resistance to chloramphenicol and/or oxytetracycline was exhibited by 78.5 per cent of 237 tested Clostridium perfringens strains which had been isolated from unweaned piglets and broilers with necrotosing enteritis. Multiple resistance was recorded from 33.9 per cent. All strains were susceptible to penicillin, nitrofurantoin, and erythromycin.     

Pathology of mastitis in cows, goats and swine. A review]

The literature concerning pathogenesis, pathological physiology and pathological anatomy in bovine, caprine and ovine mastitis is reviewed. The evoluation of infectious mastitis is divided in the three following phases: transmission-, invasion- and establishphase. The pathological anatomy about Mastitis acuta haemorrhagica et necroticans, Mastitis catarrhalis acuta, Mastitis catarrhalis chronica, Mastitis suppurativa and Mastitis granulomatosa is discussed.     

The effect of Prussian blue and sodium-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on the faecal and urinary elimination of thallium by the dog.

After oral administration of sublethal doses of thallium (lower than 10 mg/kg) to dogs, 75.5 +/- 3.9 per cent of the dose was eliminated from the body--47 per cent faecal and 28 per cent urinary. Cumulative excretion reached 50 and 70 per cent after 10 and 25 days respectively, and was almost complete after 75 days. This was slightly lower at higher doses. The total body-burden of thallium, calculated from the cumulative excretion, decreased exponentially for at least the first 40 days with a half-time (T 1/2) of 6.5 days. Oral doses of Prussian blue after 10 days resulted in an acceleration of the thallium elimination from the body (T 1/2 2.5 days), an increase of the faecal (49 per cent) and a decrease of the urinary excretion (18 per cent). Nevertheless, the cumulative faecal and urinary thallium excretion was not influenced. Minor transitory influences of Prussian blue on the faecal thallium excretion could be observed up to day 26. After 40 days, Prussian blue could no longer influence the faecal thallium excretion. At no time did sodium-ethylenediaminetetraacetic (Na2EDTA) acid significantly change faecal or urinary thallium excretion.     

Arbovirus isolations from mosquitoes in South Slovakia.

In the years 1973 and 1975 mosquitoes and some other Diptera (Tabanidae, Simuliidae, Hippoboscidae) were tested for virus. 13,924 mosquitoes, 75 horseflies and 60 blackflies were processed in 1973. Five strains of Tahyna virus were isolated from mosquito species Aedes vexans. 3,378 mosquitoes and 12 sheep keds were tested for virus in 1975. Twelve strains of Calovo virus were isolated from Anopheles maculipennis and one strain of Tahyna virus was obtained from Aedes vexans mosquitoes.     

Scanning electron microscopy of Setaria labiatopapillosa (Alessandrini, 1848) from cattle of Kazakhstan.

Surface structures of males and females of Setaria labiatopapillosa were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy at high magnification. It was found that the surface of buccal cavity, lateral appendages, vulva, anus and cloaca differs from the remaining cuticle. The shape of internal and external mouth papillae, amphids, deirids, postdeirid and phasmidial pore was studied. On the surface of the postdeirid are four small papillae arranged in a typical manner around the depression from which projects a needle-like formation. The ventral bands are formed by fine longitudinal parallel folds of the cuticle. Some anomalies in the localization of postcloacal papillae were observed.