水稻根系活力的遗传分析

 以典型籼粳交(窄叶青8号/京系17) F1代花培加倍的DH群体为材料，在抽穗期用TTC法考察根系活力。利用已构建的分子连锁图谱，采用区间作图法对根系活力进行QTL分析，在第4染色体的RG449和RG809之间检测到一个QTL。用Epistat软件分析影响根系活力的单个位点和位点间的互作，结果在RG809附近检测到一个单基因，并检测到2个条件型互作和4对互适型互作，这些位点分布在第1、2、4、7、8、9和11染色体上。     

Wheat grain quality under increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations in a semi-arid cropping system

We investigated wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain quality under Free Air CO₂ Enrichment (FACE) of 550 ± 10% CO₂ μmol mol⁻¹. In each of two full growing seasons (2008 and 2009), two times of sowing were compared, with late sowing designed to mimic high temperature during grain filling. Grain samples were subjected to a range of physical, nutritional and rheological quality assessments. Elevated CO₂ increased thousand grain weight (8%) and grain diameter (5%). Flour protein concentration was reduced by 11% at e[CO₂], with the highest reduction being observed at the late time of sowing in 2009, (15%). Most of the grain mineral concentrations decreased under e[CO₂] - Ca (11%), Mg (7%), P (11%) and S (7%), Fe (10%), Zn (17%), Na (19%), while total uptake of these nutrients per unit ground area increased. Rheological properties of the flour were altered by e[CO₂] and bread volume reduced by 7%. Phytate concentration in grains tended to decrease (17%) at e[CO₂] while grain fructan concentration remained unchanged. The data suggest that rising atmospheric [CO₂] will reduce the nutritional and rheological quality of wheat grain, but at high temperature, e[CO₂] effects may be moderated. Reduced phytate concentrations at e[CO₂] may improve bioavailability of Fe and Zn in wheat grain.     

硼对不同专用小麦品种种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为了明确施硼对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的效应,以不同的专用小麦品种为材料,研究了不同硼浓度对小麦种子淀粉酶活性、发芽势、发芽率、根系活力、根尖结构及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,低浓度硼对小麦种子发芽势和发芽率有促进作用,其中硼浓度以20μmol·L-1促进效果最佳,高浓度时有明显的抑制作用;小麦根系活力、根长、芽长、根重和芽重均随硼浓度的升高呈现先促进后抑制的变化趋势,但对根比芽敏感,地下部生物量受影响程度低于地上部;一定的硼浓度能促进根尖分生区表皮细胞和外皮层细胞体积变大及数量增多。不同专用小麦品种对硼浓度响应的敏感程度有差异,中筋小麦扬麦16>弱筋小麦扬麦19>强筋小麦罗麦8号。     

水稻中花11辐射突变体的分离与鉴定

利用伽玛射线对粳稻品种中花11进行辐照,以诱导广泛的形态突变体,为水稻功能基因组研究提供基础材料。辐射第1代单本移栽并实行单株收获;辐射第2代（M2）播种1万个家系,自苗期开始至成熟期各个生育阶段从中独立选获各类形态突变体540个;经M3复选获得包括叶、茎、穗和育性变化等各类突变体431份。统计结果表明,形态性状的突变频率为5.1%。关键词     

小麦籽粒成熟与萌发期间LOX的动态变化

为了解小麦籽粒中脂肪氧化酶(LOX)同工酶的代谢过程,选用4个小麦品种(鲁麦22、中优9507、内乡188、蒿优9409)为材料,采用薄层等电聚焦电泳(IEF)活性染色法检测和分析了小麦在籽粒成熟与种子萌发期间LOX同工酶酶谱的变化,并采用分光光度计法测定其活性.结果表明,在籽粒成熟期间,中优9507、内乡188、蒿优9409含有5条不同的同工酶条带,鲁麦22含有8条不同的LOX同工酶条带;随籽粒成熟度的增加,酸性和中性部分的LOX同工酶的合成与含量逐渐减少,碱性部分的LOX同工酶的合成与含量缓慢增加,说明成熟末期小麦籽粒主要积累碱性LOX;4个品种的LOX活性随籽粒成熟均呈现先逐渐降低至最低点后轻微反弹的变化趋势.在种子萌发期间,4个小麦品种都含有7条LOX同工酶条带,除萌发第一天外,随种子萌发的进行,酸性部分的LOX同工酶合成与含量减少,碱性和中性部分的LOX同工酶合成与含量缓慢增加,说明小麦种子在萌发过程中主要积累碱性LOX;4个品种的LOX活性均呈先保持一恒定高值后迅速下降至一恒定低值的变化趋势.无论是籽粒成熟期间还是种子萌发期间,影响小麦籽粒或种子中LOX酶活性大小的主要是酸性的LOX同工酶.     

Nutritional response of seedling tomato plants under different lighting treatments

In order to describe the effect of complementary artificial light supply on the nutrient status of tomato seedlings, fluorescent lamps were compared to each other. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations were measured (mg g^?1 dry matter). Blue, red and far-red relationships were established. The N, P and K higher concentration and uptake have been found under high efficiency fluorescent lamps. Phosphorus uptake increasing was observed at high levels of irradiation. Potassium concentration is significantly higher under compact fluorescent lamps. The relationship between ratios and N, P and K extractions were used as indicators of limitation for plant. The ratio N/P and N/K present a low relation with N extraction. The ratio N/P presents a significant correlation with P extraction, also the ratios N/K and P/K with K extraction. Significant differences in constant of lineal equation have been found in P/K ratio and K extraction.     

Effects of rhodium heterogeneous catalyst and isomerization conditions on linoleic acid conjugation of soybean oil

Rhodium heterogeneous catalyst was used to catalyze isomerization of linoleic acid in soybean oil to conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). A central composite rotatable design with five levels of three variables, namely, reaction temperature, stirring speed, and reaction time, was used to determine the maximum CLA yield. The formation of CLA during isomerization was greatly dependent on the reaction temperature and time. The CLA content of soybean oil increased from 0.63 to 202.42 mg/g oil when isomerization was done at 200 degrees C, with a stirring speed of 200 rpm for 49 min. Analysis of triacylglycerol positions showed that linoleic acid at any position in a triacylglyceride could possibly be isomerized to CLA.     

Antifungal activity of strawberry fruit volatile compounds against Colletotrichum acutatum

Eight volatile products characterizing strawberry aroma, which is generated from the oxidative degradation of linoleic and linolenic acids by a lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway, were examined because of their antifungal activity against Colletotrichum acutatum, one of the causal agents of strawberry anthracnose. In this study, the effects of aldehydes, alcohols, and esters on mycelial growth and conidia development were evaluated. (E)-Hex-2-enal was found to be the best inhibitor of mycelial growth [MID (minimum inhibitory doses)=33.65 microL L(-1)] and of spore germination (MID=6.76 microL L(-1)), while hexyl acetate was the least effective of all volatile compounds tested (MID=6441.89 microL L(-1) for mycelial growth and MID=1351.35 microL L(-1) for spore germination). Furthermore, the antifungal activity of (E)-hex-2-enal on susceptibility of strawberry fruits to C. acutatum was also confirmed. The presence of these molecules in jars containing strawberry fruits inoculated with a suspension of spores inhibited the fungus growth and prevented the appearance of symptoms. Moreover, a study of the effects of (E)-hex-2-enal on conidial cells of C. acutatum was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. This volatile compound altered the structures of the cell wall and plasma membrane, causing disorganization and lysis of organelles and, eventually, cell death.     

Supercritical CO2 extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum: chemical characterization and antityrosinase activity

The volatile oil of the bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum was extracted by means of supercritical CO2 fluid extraction in different conditions of pressure and temperature. Its chemical composition was characterized by GC-MS analysis. Nineteen compounds, which in the supercritical extract represented >95% of the oil, were identified. (E)-Cinnamaldehyde (77.1%), (E)-beta-caryophyllene (6.0%), alpha-terpineol (4.4%), and eugenol (3.0%) were found to be the major constituents. The SFE oil of cinnamon was screened for its biological activity about the formation of melanin in vitro. The extract showed antityrosinase activity and was able to reduce the formation of insoluble flakes of melanin from tyrosine. The oil also delayed the browning effect in apple homogenate. (E)-Cinnamaldehyde and eugenol were found to be mainly responsible of this inhibition effect.     

乳糖不耐受与功能性液体乳——低乳糖奶

阐述了乳糖不耐受发病机理和世界病情现状。分析了防治乳糖不耐受的低乳糖奶物理、化学和酶法等生产工艺的优缺点。重点展望了酶法低乳糖奶的市场前景和发展趋势,以及改进产品工艺过程和改善产品风味,扩大牛奶消费人群。