明清时期西辽河地区农业开发的动力与制约因素

在辽金元农业开发的基础上,明清时期西辽河地区农业开发取得了很大进步。农业发展有利于维护西辽河地区乃至边疆地区的稳定,良好的农业开发环境促进了西辽河地区经济繁荣。明清两代非常重视农业,大力支持西辽河地区的农业开发,给予西辽河地区农业生产资料,加之其他政策的实行、农业生产技术的传授、高产耐旱粮食作物的栽培和驿站、桥梁的建设等,使西辽河地区的农业开发成果颇丰,至清代更加显著。自然灾害等成为制约农业开发的主要因素。本文在前人研究的基础上,对西辽河地区农业开发的动力与制约因素做出了进一步讨论。     

Seasonal Changes of Mineral Nutrients in Fruit and Leaves of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ Navel Oranges

In southern Jiangxi province of China, ‘Newhall’(Citrus sinensis Osbeck) navel orange presented a conspicuous symptom of boron (B) deficiency in mature leaves, whereas B deficiency symptoms were not manifested on ‘Skagg's Bonanza’(C. sinensis Osbeck) navel orange. In this study, changes in concentrations of B, calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were comparatively investigated in the structural parts of the fruit (rind and pulp) and leaves (old leaves from last season and spring-flush leaves from current year) of ‘Newhall’ and ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ navel orange during the growing season. Two peaks of B concentrations were observed in the rind of the two cultivars during fruitlet growth and fruit enlargement, respectively. Boron concentrations were relatively high in the rind during fruitlet growth, and then decreased in both rind and pulp, whereas, during middle and late fruit enlargement significant increases were found for B in both rind and pulp of the two cultivars. Boron concentrations in old leaves of ‘Newhall’ decreased progressively and remained relatively low, whereas that of ‘Skagg's Bonanza’ was relatively high and changed slightly as the season progresses. Both Ca and K concentrations were above the critical threshold values, while their dynamics were reverse to that of B in fruit and leaves during certain times. Old leaf Mg concentrations of samples at 140 days after full bloom from the two cultivars and spring-flush leaves from ‘Newhall’ were below the threshold limit for sufficiency. In addition, Mg in old leaves was much lower from ‘Newhall’ than from ‘Skagg's Bonanza’. Spring-flush leaf concentrations of Mn and Zn and Mn concentrations in old leaves from ‘Newhall’ were relatively lacking during middle and late season, which accelerated the occurrence of B deficiency symptoms on mature leaves of ‘Newhall.’     

饲料用秸秆丝化多频快速压缩成型工艺参数优化

为了进一步探明丝化后干玉米秸秆压缩成型的最佳工艺参数,利用WDW-200微机控制电子式万能试验机,以秸秆含水率、最大压缩力(能够压缩成型的最小压缩力)、压缩次数和压缩速度为影响因子,对饲料用玉米秸秆丝化后压缩成型块的松弛比进行了二次回归旋转组合试验研究。建立并分析了4个影响因子对玉米秸秆丝化压缩成型松弛比的回归模型,并进行了验证试验。结果表明:丝化后玉米秸秆压缩成型最佳工艺条件为:含水率为7.8%~18.3%,能够成型的最小压缩力为6.22 MPa,压缩次数为2~6次,压缩速度为128~337 mm/min。在此工艺条件下,干玉米秸秆丝化压缩成型的松弛比在1.2和1.5之间,均能满足实际生产中较低能耗与生产质量的要求。该试验对压缩工艺的优化、压缩设备的研制和了解压缩成型后产品的特性具有参考意义。     

适用于三峡水库中陡土坡消落区等高种植的土工结构模型

[目的]探讨在当前三峡库区面临的严峻生态环境下,采取何种适合的生态治理技术以解决库区生态环境安全问题,为三峡库区生态环境修复提供一定的参考依据。[方法]通过生态治理模型整体框架结构,提高中、陡土坡生态系统地表基底稳定性;通过等高种植平面绿化技术、土工格室垂直绿化技术,提高消落区植被覆盖率和土壤肥力;通过不同高层区段消落区适宜植物"乔—灌—草—藤(177~170 m)、"灌—草—藤"(170~160m)、"草—藤"配置(160~145m),对消落区的生物多样性、植被覆盖率及景观层次起提高作用。[结果]通过模型设计,将传统混凝土护坡技术与现代生态护坡技术相结合、等高种植平面绿化技术与土工格室垂直绿化技术相结合,实现了生物措施与工程措施的高度统一、系统稳定性与开放性的高度统一、植被覆盖率与景观层次的高度统一。[结论]该土工结构模型的应用对三峡水库中陡土坡消落区生态治理具有一定的参考价值和现实的应用前景。     

稻麦联合收获开沟埋草多功能一体机行走及脱粒性能改进

针对自行研制的稻麦联合收获开沟埋草多功能一体机所存在的行走直线稳定性差、脱粒质量较低等问题。依据横向轴流式滚筒对稻麦秸秆的传递导流作用和二次复脱的原则,通过增设辅助滚筒的方法既改变出草口位置使开沟总成中移,消除整机偏向力,又延长秸秆在滚筒内的作用时间,提高谷物脱粒质量。其中:辅助滚筒总长为855 mm,导流角为18°,滚筒直径为452 mm,转速为1 350 r/min。性能测试表明:改进后自研一体机在0.27、0.58、0.85 m/s 3种不同工况下行走偏移度分别降低了93.9%、94.4%、93.3%,行走直线稳定性显著提高;小麦和水稻总损失率分别降低20.9%和11.8%,含杂率分别降低45.7%和21.4%。尽管水稻破碎率增加了7.4%,但脱粒的综合质量有较大提高。该研究增进了多功能一体机的适用性,为稻麦秸秆机械化集沟还田提供了参考。     

Novel royal jelly proteins identified by gel-based and gel-free proteomics

Royal jelly (RJ) plays an important role in caste determination of the honeybee; the genetically same female egg develops into either a queen or worker bee depending on the time and amount of RJ fed to the larvae. RJ also has numerous health-promoting properties for humans. Gel-based and gel-free proteomics approaches and high-performance liquid chromatography-chip quadruple time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry were applied to comprehensively investigate the protein components of RJ. Overall, 37 and 22 nonredundant proteins were identified by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and gel-free analysis, respectively, and 19 new proteins were found by these two proteomics approaches. Major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) were identified as the principal protein components of RJ, and proteins related to carbohydrate metabolism such as glucose oxidase, α-glucosidase precursor, and glucose dehydrogenase were also successfully identified. Importantly, the 19 newly identified proteins were mainly classified into three functional categories: oxidation-reduction (ergic53 CG6822-PA isoform A isoform 1, Sec61 CG9539-PA, and ADP/ATP translocase), protein binding (regucalcin and translationally controlled tumor protein CG4800-PA isoform 1), and lipid transport (apolipophorin-III-like protein). These new findings not only significantly increase the RJ proteome coverage but also help to provide new knowledge of RJ for honeybee biology and potential use for human health promotion.     

蜡样芽孢杆菌菌株X5强化的生物有机肥能有效控制根结线虫(Meloidogyne sp.)

The efficacy of Bacillus cereus X5 as a potential biological control agent against root-knot nematodes was evaluated in vitro by examining second-stage juvenile mortality and egg hatching rate under addition of culture filtrate and in planta by application of bio-organic fertilizers enhanced with B. cereus X5, B. thuringiensis BTG, or Trichoderma harzianum SQR-T037 alone or together in greenhouse and field experiments. The biofumigation of the root-knot nematode-infested soil with organic materials (chicken manure, pig manure and rice straw) alone or in combination with B. cereus X5 was also conducted in greenhouse experiments. In laboratory, the filtrate of B. cereus X5 more effectively reduced egg hatching rates during the incubation period for 14 d and more effectively killed the second-stage juvenile during the incubation period of 24 h than that of B. thuringiensis BTG. The highest dry shoot weights for greenhouse tomatoes and field muskmelons were found in both the treatment consisting of the bio-organic fertilizer enhanced with the three biocontrol agents and the treatment consisting of the bio-organic fertilizer enhanced only with B. cereus X5. The two bio-organic fertilizers achieved better nematicidal effects than those enhanced only with B. thuringiensis BTG or T. harzianum SQR-T037. B. cereus X5 also enhanced effect of biofumigation, which resulted in increased plant biomass and reduced nematode counts in the roots and rhizosphere soil. Therefore, these results suggested that biological control of root-knot nematodes both in greenhouses and fields could be effectively achieved by using B. cereus X5 and agricultural wastes.     

稻草覆盖对土壤理化性状和烤烟产量及品质的影响

在湖南永州对稻草翻压、稻草覆盖、地膜覆盖、不还田不覆盖进行了连续3年定位试验。结果表明，两种稻草还田方式均能改善土壤结构，稻草覆盖比稻草翻压的改土效果更为明显；稻草覆盖在烤烟生根期的保温作用不如地膜覆盖，烤烟进入旺长期以后，稻草覆盖土壤温、湿度变幅较小，能够维持相对适宜的温、湿度状况，而地膜覆盖及裸栽处理的烤烟整个生育期土壤温、湿度变幅较大，不利于烤烟生长。稻草覆盖比稻草翻压及地膜覆盖更有利于烤烟产量及品质的提高。     

化肥施用对中国粮食产量的贡献率分析——基于主成分回归C-D生产函数模型的实证研究

施肥是农业持续发展的重要措施,施用化肥对中国粮食安全的保障作用是投入其他生产要素所不能替代的,掌握化肥的增产效应从指导农业生产及确定科学有效的施肥方案方面来说,都具有重要的理论与实践意义。分析了化肥施用量与粮食产量之间的关系,选取粮食作物播种面积、农用机械总动力、有效灌溉面积、化肥施用量和农业从业人员为中国粮食产量的影响因素,采用主成分回归C-D生产函数模型,计算了化肥投入对粮食增产的弹性及贡献率。结果表明：化肥施用与粮食产量之间存在较强的正相关关系;1978—2010年间化肥投入对粮食产量增长的弹性值为0.18,贡献率达20.79%,化肥对粮食增产的弹性和贡献与以往的研究结果相比略有下降,单位质量化肥投入带来的实际粮食产量增加量有所减少,但化肥投入仍是影响粮食产量增长的重要因素。     

污染土壤修复标准及修复效果评定方法的探讨

污染土壤修复标准制定的目的是在保证污染土地再利用的前提下,使受到较为严重污染土壤环境中的污染物降低或削减到不足以导致较大的生态损害和健康危害。在分析中国土壤环境质量标准不足的基础上,结合一些发达国家土壤修复标准以及中国土壤污染的实际情况,概述建立污染土壤修复标准应从清洁技术因素、土壤背景值因素、标准法规可调控因素和污染生态毒理学评价方面综合考虑。针对污染土壤修复效果评定的研究,简述植物毒性评定法、陆生无脊椎动物评定法、土壤微生物评定法和生物标记评定法等常用污染土壤修复效果评定方法,并对评定方法的发展前景进行展望。