生态系统视角下农村失独家庭的困境应对策略研究

农村失独父母是我国计划生育政策实施以来产生的一个特殊弱势群体。由于农村社会经济发展的特殊性,处于失独困境的家庭亟待政府和社会的更多关注和支持。农村失独家庭面临家庭关系紧张、精神承受重压、经济水平落后、生活缺乏照顾、养老医疗困顿、人际关系贫瘠等难题。为了化解上述难题,必须尽可能发挥政府和社会的保障支持功能。基于生态系统理论,需要通过多主体协同,从宏观、外层、中层、微观四个层次构建对于农村失独家庭的社会保障、社会支持体系,形成为农村失独家庭服务的系统性支持保障网络。     

Soil organic and inorganic carbon sequestration by consecutive biochar application: Results from a decade field experiment

Biochar addition can expand soil organic carbon (SOC) stock and has potential ability in mitigating climate change. Also, some incubation experiments have shown that biochar can increase soil inorganic carbon (SIC) contents. However, there is no direct evidence for this from the field experiment. In order to make up the sparseness of available data resulting from the long‐term effect of biochar amendment on soil carbon fractions, here we detected the contents and stocks of the bulk SIC and SOC fractions based on a 10‐year field experiment of consecutive biochar application in Shandong Province, China. There are three biochar treatments as no‐biochar (control), and biochar application at 4.5 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B4.5) and 9.0 Mg ha^?1 year^?1 (B9.0), respectively. The results showed that biochar application significantly enhanced SIC content (3.2%–24.3%), >53 μm particulate organic carbon content (POC, 38.2%–166.2%) and total soil organic carbon content (15.8%–82.2%), compared with the no‐biochar control. However, <53 μm silt–clay‐associated organic carbon (SCOC) content was significantly decreased (14%–27%) under the B9.0 treatment. Our study provides the direct field evidence that SIC contributed to carbon sequestration after the biochar application, and indicates that the applied biochar was allocated mainly in POC fraction. Further, the decreased SCOC and increased microbial biomass carbon contents observed in field suggest that the biochar application might exert a positive priming effect on native soil organic carbon.     

多元文化对语言歧义理解及运用的影响——以新疆农业垦区为例

一.引言在新疆农业垦区,多民族杂居、多元文化并存。自西汉至清末,历代王朝出于戍边和维护地方治安的考虑,均非常重视在西域屯田。新疆生产建设兵团进驻新疆后,大力发展屯垦经济,进一步增强了汉民族农耕文化在新疆地区的吸纳力和包容力。     

红壤旱地芝麻防早衰叶面调控剂筛选研究

研究结果表明,速效肥料、生长调节剂及抗病药剂对保持芝麻生长中后期的正常生长都能起到积极作用。"磷酸二氢钾+硝酸铵+腐植酸+赤霉素"配制能有效防控红壤旱地芝麻早衰,在此配方基础上,添加代森锰锌能对防控芝麻叶部及茎部病害起到一定的作用,从而增强了红壤旱地上芝麻的抗早衰能力。     

禁抗前后规模鸡场环境中金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌对15种抗菌药的敏感性比较

为了解规模鸡场两种环境细菌在禁抗前后耐药性的变化,以评估使用抗菌药对养殖场用药的影响,通过对禁抗前以及禁抗6个月后规模鸡场的环境进行采样,培养分离大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌),然后针对15种常见抗菌药物开展药敏试验,并对敏感性进行比对。结果显示:禁抗前规模鸡场分离的大肠杆菌对妥布霉素、林可霉素、头孢拉定、卡拉霉素等较敏感,而对磺胺异噁唑、土霉素、头孢唑林和青霉素等耐药;金葡菌对头孢曲松、卡拉霉素、头孢唑啉、氟苯尼考等较敏感,而对土霉素、磺胺异噁唑、庆大霉素、妥布霉素等耐药。禁抗6个月后,两种细菌对大部分抗菌药的敏感性都有不同程度的增加,但对土霉素、磺胺异噁唑、氟苯尼考、青霉素等的敏感性增加不多甚至有降低。结果表明禁抗总体上可以增强鸡场环境中两种细菌对抗菌药的敏感性,降低耐药性。本文为指导规模鸡场禁用和科学使用抗菌药物提供了数据支持。     

稻谷籽粒的压缩特性与含水率关系的实验研究

通过Brookfield质构仪测定了不同含水率的稻谷籽粒(含水率为10.63%、12.25%、13.71%、15.18%、16.53%w.b.)在Z轴(短轴)方向上的压缩特性(破坏力、破坏能、表观接触弹性模量、最大接触应力、破坏应变),得出含水率对稻谷压缩特性的影响规律。实验结果表明:随着压缩形变的增加,稻谷籽粒受到的压力逐渐增加,当到达破裂点时达到最大值,随之急剧减小。随着含水率的增加,稻谷籽粒的压缩破坏力、破坏能、表观接触弹性模量、破坏应力逐渐减小,压缩破坏应变逐渐增加。     

冬小麦种质“矮孟牛”中新型小麦-黑麦复杂易位的遗传传递分析

本文利用矮孟牛中一种新型小麦-黑麦复杂易位IRS·7DS,1BL·7DL与1BL·1RS易位所构建的一套重组自交系(包括109个F6株系)和8个矮孟牛衍生品种进行了分析,结果表明在109个F6株系中,纯合复杂易位占69个,纯合1BL·1RS占36个,二者比例约2∶1,杂合类型占4个,出现频率4/109;对矮孟牛8个衍生品种的分析表明,6个品种包含来自矮孟牛的     

红薯秧茎破碎还田机的研制

针对红薯秧茎的蔓生性及北方红薯种植模式,研制了适合于垄作红薯秧茎破碎还田机。该机主要由挑秧机构、秧茎破碎装置、刀轴总成、碎秧输送装置和地轮总成等组成。该机由轮式拖拉机牵引,可一次完成秧茎的收割、粉碎、还田等项作业。工作时,动力通过万向节从拖拉机的动力输出轴传出,经过锥齿轮减速器变向增速后,动力分成两路,分别传给秧茎破碎装置、碎秧输送装置和嫩秧切断装置。随着拖拉机前进,秧茎先被挑秧机构挑起,然后被机器前部高悬的旋转圆盘刀切断,高速旋转的破碎刀轴产生负压将切断的秧茎及剩余主干上的薯叶吸进破碎刀轴和护罩间破碎,碎秧落入碎秧输送装置的输送带,被均匀输送抛撒至垄沟。     

2BQM-6型免耕播种机设计及播种深度控制研究

根据北方地区免耕作业的农艺要求,设计了2BQM-6型气吸式免耕播种机,实现了破茬、开沟施肥、播种及覆土镇压等联合作业。在此基础上,针对免耕条件下作业地面平整度较差等因素所造成的播种深度变动大的问题,研究了播种深度调节机构和相应的参数。通过ADAMS软件对播种单体进行建模分析,研究其仿形机构不同参数对仿形效果的影响,寻求最佳仿形时的最优参数范围,以满足不同农作物种植深度不同的要求。该调节装置具有调节范围广、灵活及易于操作等特点。     

Potential use of a transposon Tn916-generated mutant of Aeromonas hydrophila J-1 defective in some exoproducts as a live attenuated vaccine

Aeromonas hydrophila is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that causes disease in a wide range of hosts due to its multifactorial virulence. Here we describe the application of transposon insertion mutagenesis approach to obtain an exoenzyme mutant of A. hydrophila strain J-1. Immunization of swordtail fish (Xiphophorus helleri Heckel) with the highly attenuated mutant provided protection (survival of 27 out of 35 fish, compared to survival of only 13 out of 35 control fish) in the fish given the highest immunization dose (10(7) CFU) against intraperitoneal challenge with the wild J-1 strain. Immunization with doses of 10(5) or 10(3) did not provide significant protection.