New aphid species for italy caught by suction trap

Six aphid species new for Italy were caught by suction trap in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, Italy. They are:Chaetosiphon chaetosiphon (Nevsky),Illinoia morrisoni (Swain),Myzodium modestum (Hottes),Pseudacaudella rubida (Börner),Schizaphis longicaudata Hille Ris Lambers andTrichosiphonaphis (Xenomyzus)polygonifoliae (Shinji). All species are provided here with characteristic morphological information and line drawings.     

Involution of bursa cloacalis (Fabricii) and thymus in Cyclosporin A-treated chickens

Fifty-day-old Arbor Acres chickens received a daily oral dose of 30 mg/kg Cyclosporin A for 21 consecutive days. This treatment induced the striking morphological changes in the bursa cloacalis (Fabricii). The number of bursal follicles did not change, but they were markedly decreased in size. The pars lymphoreticularis was collapsed and contained smaller accumulations of lymphocytes. The pars lymphoepithelialis was almost totally devoid of lymphocytes and it was composed of an empty network of epithelial cells. Interfollicular epithelium, follicle-associated epithelium, basement-membrane-associated epithelium and bursal epithelial cytoreticulum were not changed. The thymus also displayed substantial structural changes, whereby the thymic medulla was strongly reduced in size.     

Contribution to the toxic action of S-methyl fenitrothion

The toxicity of the S-methyl isomer of fenitrothion was found to be higher than that of both fenitrothion and technical fenitrothion. Repeated administration of the compound showed a rapid decrease in toxicity with decreasing doses.Excretion of p-nitro-m-cresol into the urine of rats was more rapid and the excreted amounts were larger from a single dose of the isomer than from fenitrothion.Single doses of the isomer increased the pentobarbitone sleeping time in mice at both 24 and 48 hr, but showed no change after 4 days. Administration of the isomer and purified fenitrothion to mice for 1 week had no effect on the pentobarbitone sleeping time, nor did a single dose of fenitrothion change the effectiveness of pentobarbitone.Dominant lethal tests in rats revealed a possible mutagenic effect from this compound.The anticholinesterase activity of the fenitrothion S-methyl isomer in vitro was found to be two to three times higher than that of fenitrothion.     

Levamisole synergizes proliferation of intestinal IgA+ cells in weaned pigs immunized with vaccine candidate F4ac+ nonenterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain

Levamisole (2, 3, 5, 6-tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazole 2,1-b thiazole) is a well-known nonspecific stimulator of host defence mechanisms. In previous investigations, we have found that levamisole acts on cell-mediated immunity in challenge-induced porcine postweaning colibacillosis (PWC). We assume that levamisole could also act synergistically on humoural immune response when applied as an adjuvant with vaccine candidate strains for oral immunization of weaned pigs against PWC. The influence of levamisole in combination with experimental F4ac⁺ nonenterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (non-ETEC) vacinal strain on proliferation of IgA⁺ cells was examined in 4-week-old weaned pigs experimentally infected with ETEC. We have performed identification and morphometric quantification of the plasma cell phenotype within jejunal/ileal mucosa. Plasma cells were identified by immunohistochemistry with monoclonal anti-IgA antibodies and quantifying by use of digital image analysis. Quantification of IgA⁺ cells from levamisole-primed vaccinated and challenge-infected weaned pigs showed significantly increased number ( P  < 0.05 for both jejunum and ileum) compared with those observed in unprimed vaccinated/challenge-infected controls. It is suggested from these results that levamisole may contribute in initiation of local humoural immune response to enteric pathogens, such as enterotoxigenic E. coli .     

Morphology of deep gland of the third eyelid in pig foetuses

The morphological and histological examinations of the deep gland of the third eyelid were carried out on pig foetuses coming from the 35th, 50th, 63rd, 94th and 112th day of gestation. The morphological examinations were conducted using the method of macroscopic preparation with a forehead magnifying glass and binocular (magnification 1.5-5.0x). In order to make anatomical elements more visible, 60-80% absolute alcohol and 0.5-4% acetic acid solution were used for the examinations. For the histological examinations, the whole eyeball with developing accessory organs was collected from the pig foetuses on the 35th day of gestation. On the 50th, 63rd, 94th and 112th day of gestation only the deep gland of the third eyelid was collected. Staining with haematoxylin-eosin and Azan method was performed. It was found during the examinations that the process of the formation of the deep gland of the third eyelid starts on the 35th day of gestation. On the 50th day of gestation, the gland cells are evenly distributed in the connective tissue stroma. On the 63rd day of gestation, the connective tissue divides the gland parenchyma into indistinct lobes composed of 6-15 lobules. On the 94th day of gestation, the gland lobes become visible; the efferent ducts are situated in the central part of the lobe. On the 112th day of gestation, the lobes are composed of a high number of lobules composed of two kinds of excretory ducts. The first type of the excretory ducts is lined with the simple cuboid epithelium whose nuclei are situated at the base of the cell. The other type of the excretory ducts is lined with the simple cuboid epithelium whose nuclei are round and arranged less or more peripherally.     

Multilocus sequence typing reveals the presence of three distinct flavescence dorée phytoplasma genetic clusters in Croatian vineyards

Flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDp) is a quarantine pathogen associated with a severe and epidemic grapevine yellows disease representing a great threat for grapevine cultivation in Europe. An increase in disease spread prompted efforts to identify FDp strains in Croatia. Over 800 samples of grapevine together with presumed reservoir plants and almost 400 samples of Scaphoideus titanus and other potential vectors were collected countrywide and analysed. FDp isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of map, secY and uvrB-degV genes in order to determine genetic diversity and structure of FDp populations, and to trace transmission pathways. FD-related phytoplasmas were found in Croatia for the first time in alder, the invasive tree species Ailanthus altissima and leafhopper Phlogotettix cyclops. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of three mapFD strain clusters: mapFD1, mapFD2 and mapFD3, and for the first time in Croatia a case of Palatinate grapevine yellows strain A (PGY-A). In total, 7 different map, 10 secY and 11 uvrB-degV genotypes were detected. The identification of 15 comprehensive FDp genotypes based on MLST suggests separate routes for disease introduction and propagation origins in Croatia. Moreover, high genetic variability of Croatian isolates indicates a complex ecological cycle of FDp involving various hosts.     

Insight into High-Hydrostatic Pressure Extraction of Polyphenols from Tomato Peel Waste

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - In this paper, high-hydrostatic pressure extraction (HHPE) as an emerging food processing and preservation technique constitutes an alternative to conventional...     

The Use of Multi Criteria Models for Decision Support System in Fruit Production

The success or failure of an investment project in fruit production also depends on the selection of the fruit species and variety. When selecting the variety for the creation of a new orchard it is necessary to perform the synthesis of different data and to look at all aspects of the investment. This paper presents the application of DEX multi-criteria decision making. The model was applied on 7 varieties of plum from the western Balkans region that were assessed by experts from “The association of agricultural economists of Western Balkans” using the Delphi method.By applying this model it has been shown that the ’Stanley’ is the most suitable for starting a new orchard while the varieties ’?a?anska ljepotica’ and ’?a?anska rodna’ are also very suitable for starting new fruit orchards and they have also received the value attribute “very acceptable”.Using this model all strong and weak sides of the observed plum variety were shown. For the final selection it is necessary to conduct research at a specific micro location where all characteristics of that area would also be taken into consideration.