The Avalon explosion: evolution of Ediacara morphospace

Ediacara fossils [575 to 542 million years ago (Ma)] represent Earth's oldest known complex macroscopic life forms, but their morphological history is poorly understood. A comprehensive quantitative analysis of these fossils indicates that the oldest Ediacara assemblage-the Avalon assemblage (575 to 565 Ma)-already encompassed the full range of Ediacara morphospace. A comparable morphospace range was occupied by the subsequent White Sea (560 to 550 Ma) and Nama (550 to 542 Ma) assemblages, although it was populated differently. In contrast, taxonomic richness increased in the White Sea assemblage and declined in the Nama assemblage. These diversity changes, occurring while morphospace range remained relatively constant, led to inverse shifts in morphological variance. The Avalon morphospace expansion mirrors the Cambrian explosion, and both events may reflect similar underlying mechanisms.     

肉牛混合日粮不同进食水平对尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量的影响

为研究肉牛不同进食水平对尿中嘌呤衍生物(PD)排出量的影响,试验选用4头当地黄牛按4×4拉丁方设计进行两期消化代谢试验,两个试验的日粮由精料和粗料由40:60(试验1)和60:40(试验2)组成,试验日粮分别按"自由采食量"的100%、80%、60%和40%饲喂4种相同组分不同进食量的日粮,用全收粪法和全收尿法分别测定有机物(OM)的消化率和尿中PD排出量,试验结果表明,日粮进食水平对全消化道OM表观消化率没有明显影响(P>0.05),尿中PD排出量随进食水平提高而增加(P<0.05),而尿中肌酸酐的排出量没有明显差异(P>0.05),尿中PD排出量可以用来估测瘤胃微生物蛋白质产生量。     

河北坝上地区菜田昆虫群落结构与季节动态分析

通过对河北坝上地区菜田生长季节昆虫群落的系统调查,共得到9目42科269种48442个昆虫个体,比较了不同昆虫类群数量比例及优势种群季节变化规律,并分析了个体数、丰富度、多样性指数随季节变化的特点和机制。     

桃叶片中相关激素含量与树体矮化和生长的关系

 为探讨相关内源激素含量与桃树树体矮化和生长的相关性,以期为桃树优良短枝型品种的选育和高效矮化密植提供理论依据,以普通型桃-春艳、短枝型桃-超红短枝和极矮化型桃-寿星桃为试材,对其不同生长期叶片中生长素（IAA）、脱落酸(ABA)、细胞分裂素(CTK)、赤霉素(GA)的含量与树体矮化和生长的关系进行了研究。结果表明,桃叶片中IAA、GA、CTK、ABA含量以及GA/ABA、IAA/ABA、IAA+GA+CTK/ABA、CTK/GA的比值在不同类型间的差异均达到了极显著水平。IAA、GA的含量以及GA/ABA、IAA/ABA、IAA+GA+CTK/ABA的比值与树体矮化程度呈负相关;CTK的含量与树体矮化程度呈显著负相关;与促进生长的激素相反,ABA含量和CTK/GA比值与树体矮化程度呈显著正相关。     

FCS和BSA对小鼠早期胚胎体外培养的影响

本实验是在CZB和Whitten’s Medium 2种培养液中添加胎牛血清(FCS)和牛血清白蛋白(BSA),比较它们对小白鼠早期胚胎体外发育的影响。结果如下:在培养注射HCG后37～39h的小鼠胚胎时,添加FCS的CZB培养液中通过发育阻断期的胚胎和发育到囊胚的胚胎均明显高于添加BSA的CZB培养液(80.9%、64.3%和41.7%、29.6%),差异显著(P0.05);当用上述液培养注射HCG后44h的小鼠胚胎时,不管是进口培养皿还是国产培养皿,胚胎发育率的差异均不显著(P0.05);在用CZB和Whitten’s培养液分别添加FCS和BSA后,培养注射HCG后44h2-细胞小鼠胚胎时,不论添加FCS还是BSA,在CZB培养液中胚胎发育率均高于Whitten’s培养液(P0.05),但添加FCS和BSA之间的差异不显著(P0.05)。     

次生盐渍化土壤不同氮磷钾肥用量及配比对枸杞产量和品质的影响

通过311-A拟饱和最优回归试验,研究了次生盐渍化土壤不同氮磷钾肥用量及配比对枸杞果实产量和品质的影响.结果表明,目标产量在3 900~4 200 kg/hm2时,氮、磷、钾肥施用量分别为300~553,255~476,270~368 kg/hm2;氮、磷、钾肥经济最佳施肥量分别为525,315,360 kg/hm-2;枸杞高产量时氮、磷、钾施肥量分别为553,475,368 kg/hm-2.枸杞果实维生素C含量、可溶性糖含量与施氮量呈正相关,而与施磷、钾量呈负相关;不同施氮量与果实苹果酸含量呈抛物线型,不同施磷、钾量对果实苹果酸影响不大.     

运用神经网络评价水淹和未水淹条件下灰化苔草光合特性的变化

在天鹅洲湿地,原位测定了在水淹及未水淹条件下灰化苔草(Carex cinerascens Kükenth.)的光合特征,利用神经网络对2种条件下灰化苔草的光合特征进行了研究,全面评价了不同条件下灰化苔草光合速率对环境因子响应程度。结果表明:水淹导致灰化苔草光合速率下降。通过神经网络,可以很好地预测灰化苔草光合速率的响应,水淹和未水淹2种条件下,气孔导度(gs),蒸腾速率(E),气温(Ta),叶温(Tl)和外界水分含量(Ha)均表现出极大的差异。     

盐度胁迫对高体革鯻幼鱼消化酶活力的影响

研究了盐度对高体革（Scortum barcoo）幼鱼消化酶活力的影响。在温度25±2℃下,将平均体质量为2.50±0.23 g的高体革幼鱼分别饲养在盐度0,5,8,11,13和16条件下20 d,检测幼鱼胃蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性的差异。结果表明：盐度胁迫对高体革幼鱼胃蛋白酶活力有显著影响（P〈0.05）,对脂肪酶和淀粉酶活力有极显著影响（P〈0.01）。随着盐度的升高,胃蛋白酶活力先升后降,当盐度升高到13时又急剧升高;脂肪酶的活力则是随盐度的升高而受到抑制,当盐度升高到13时也急剧升高,盐度16时最高;而淀粉酶活力变化则是盐度升高时显著降低。这说明环境盐度对高体革消化酶比活力的影响比较大,不同消化酶随盐度变化规律有所差异。     

The dynamics of bacterial community in a polyculture aquaculture system of Penaeus chinensis,Rhopilema esculenta and Sinonovacula constricta

Polyculture with Chinese shrimp Penaeus chinensis, jellyfish Rhopilema esculenta and razor clam Sinonovacula constricta (S.J.R) is a common aquaculture system in Dandong, China. Investigation on the composition and function of microbial communities and their relationship with environmental factors in aquaculture systems have crucial implications. Therefore, the sequencing of 16S rRNA gene was applied to profile the bacterial community composition of water and sediment in S.J.R polyculture system in the present study. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in S.J.R polyculture ponds following with Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes in water; in contrast, more diverse phyla were detected in sediments. Water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen were determined the bacterial community composition in the S.J.R polyculture systems. Specially, Planktomarina, PS1 clade, Candidatus Aquiluna and Fibrobacteres, which can resist the phytoplankton blooms or degrade the cellulose, were more abundant in water at the early stage of cultivation in the S.J.R polyculture system. Moreover, the functions of bacterial communities in water were mainly associated with cell communication mediated, while the functions related to basal metabolism were enriched in sediments. The findings of this study allowed us to better understand the bacterial community in the S.J.R polyculture system and accumulated data for the improvement of cultural management.     

隆头鱼科分类学研究进展

隆头鱼科是体形最为分化、体色最为多变的一个类群,其所包含的种类数位居海洋鱼类第2位。尽管经历了260多年的分类研究,隆头鱼科在分类单元和物种鉴定方面仍存在许多争论和疑问。回顾了隆头鱼科分类学发展史,总结了系统发育学的研究成果,描述了隆头鱼科关键分类特征和基础生物学,概述了几个分类较为复杂的主要属的研究进展,根据分子系统发育,推测几个主要属为复系群,是颌骨摄食功能进化导致种间显著遗传分化的结果。同时,参考1750—2017年期间的文献资料,考证和修订了中国隆头鱼的同物异名和错误命名,厘定中国隆头鱼科有38属150种,并提出我国需要广泛深入的开展隆头鱼科物种的普查和鉴定研究工作及利用分子生物学技术开展隆头鱼亲缘地理学的研究建议,为隆头鱼的起源、物种多样性、分布格局成因以及在海洋生态系统中的功能研究提供基础数据及理论研究参考。