甘肃高寒牧区藏羊电刺激采精实验

为研究电刺激采精技术能否在甘肃高寒牧区藏系羊繁殖中推广应用,该技术是否对公羊精液品质和采精量有影响,项目课题组在甘肃省天祝县旦马乡进行了牧区藏羊种公羊电刺激采精实验。选择本土选育的欧拉型藏羊种公羊,配种期每日每只采精2次,即：首日（标注为d1）早上采用传统的假阴道采精法采精,下午采用电刺激法采精,次日（标注为d2）早上采用电刺激法采精,下午采用传统的假阴道采精法采精,依次不同采精方法交叉采精,减少误差,连续采精6d,及时检查采精量及精液密度、精子活力等品质。实验结果表明,甘肃天祝牧区藏羊种公羊电刺激采精所得精液量均在0.80 mL～0.96 mL之间,符合藏系羊正常精液量,平均精子活力均在0.80以上,平均精液密度均“中”以上,精液品质符合人工授精精液品质要求,可应用于藏羊繁殖生产实践。     

藏羊电刺激采精和人工授精技术

由于藏羊特殊的品种特性,高海拔严寒地区养殖适应性好,养殖成本相对其他类型羊较低,但自然交配情况下,空怀率高,繁殖率低。为克服藏种羊胆小易惊,调教不易,采精困难等不利因素,我们采用电刺激法促使种公羊被动排精,很大程度上降低了采精难度,提高了采精数量,在母羊集中发情季节,优秀种公羊个体可授配母羊500只以上,同时引进药物诱导母羊同期发情等技术进行人工授精,大大提升了藏羊繁殖性能,加速了我县藏羊引种改良进程,提高藏羊养殖经济效益。     

Development and characterization of a new marine fish cell line from turbot (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Scophthalmus maximus</Emphasis>)

A new marine fish cell line, TK, derived from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) kidney, was established by the method of trypsin digestion and subcultured for more than 50 passages over a period of 300 days. The TK cells were maintained in Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (MEM) supplemented with HEPES, antibiotics, fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2-Mercaptoethanol (2-Me), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The suitable growth temperature for TK cells was 24°C, and microscopically, TK cells were composed of fibroblast-like cells. Chromosome analysis revealed that the TK cell line has a normal diploid karyotype with 2n = 44. Two fish viruses LCDV-C (lymphocystis disease virus from China) and TRBIV (turbot reddish body iridovirus) were used to determine the virus susceptibility of TK cell line. The TK cell line was found to be susceptible to TRBIV, and the infection was confirmed by cytopathic effect (CPE) and transmission electron microscopy, which detected the viral particles in the cytoplasm of virus-infected cells. Finally, significant green fluorescent signals were observed when the TK cells were transfected with pEGFP-N3 vector, indicating its potential utility for fish virus study and genetic manipulation.     

性成熟和个体大小对智利外海茎柔鱼耳石生长的影响

根据2007-2008年智利外海茎柔鱼资源调查期间采集的样本,以耳石最大宽度MW与其总长TSL之比作为表征耳石生长的指标,利用方差分析研究性成熟和个体大小对耳石生长的影响。分析认为,雌性个体的耳石MW/TSL与性腺成熟度存在相关性,性成熟度Ⅰ级与Ⅲ级、Ⅱ级与Ⅲ级个体的耳石MW/TSL存在显著差异(P<0.05);而雄性个体的耳石MW/TSL与性腺成熟度无关。雌性个体的耳石MW/TSL与胴长也存在着相关性,胴长300～400mm的个体与500～600mm和600～700mm、胴长400～500mm与500～600mm和600-700mm的雌性个体,它们耳石MW/TSL差异显著(P<0.05),胴长为400～500mm至500～600mm的个体,其MW/TSL增加迅速,差异极显著(P<0.01)。胴长350～400mm与400～500mm、400～450mm与450～500mm的雄性个体,它们耳石MW/TSL也存在显著差异(P<0.05),胴长400～450mm时的MW/TSL值为最小。研究表明,性成熟和个体大小对智利外海茎柔鱼耳石的生长有影响,但雌雄个体有差别。     

The effects of cyclical temperature changes on growth and physiological status of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Litopenaeus vannamei</Emphasis>

The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth and physiological status of Litopenaeus vannamei subjected to one constant temperature (25°C) and four cyclical temperature change regimes (25 ± 1°C, 25 ± 2°C, 25 ± 3°C and 25 ± 4°C). The growth rates of shrimp at 25 ± 2°C or 25 ± 3°C were significantly higher than that at a constant temperature of 25°C. On the other hand, the growth rate in 25 ± 4°C regime was significantly lower than those in other regimes. The daily feed intake rate of shrimp at 25 ± 4°C was the lowest, and the food conversion efficiency was also significantly lower than those at 25 ± 2°C and 25 ± 3°C, respectively. The food conversion efficiency at 25 ± 2°C or 25 ± 3°C was significantly higher than those in other regimes. Thus, it can be inferred that the growth enhancement in the test shrimp at the suitable diel fluctuating temperatures was due to high food conversion efficiency. Studies of the physiological parameters showed that at 25 ± 4°C, the hemolymph glucose content of the test shrimp was the lowest, while the activity of PK in hepatopancreas was the highest, which indicated that the test shrimp at 25 ± 4°C was in a stressed condition. The hemolymph glucose content of the test shrimp at 25 ± 3°C was the highest, and the activity of HK in hepatopancreas was the lowest. These results indicated that the test shrimps at 25 ± 3°C were not in a stressed condition. Compared with the constant temperature regime, the expression of HSP70 in any of the four cyclical temperature change regimes was not significantly increased. The reason for this might be that the fluctuation amplitude of ± 4°C did not induce the increased expression of HSP70.     

热处理对肉类蛋白质构的影响

加热作为最传统的肉熟化和杀菌手段,在今后的水产及畜禽肉加工产业中将依旧占主导地位。作者简述了肌肉蛋白的组成和结构,讨论了不同来源肌肉蛋白在加热过程中的变性行为。水生及陆生来源的肌肉中,大部分肌浆蛋白在40℃~60℃之间聚集,但对一些肌浆蛋白来说,加热到90℃才凝固。溶液中肌原纤维蛋白在30℃~32℃开始展开,在36℃~40℃蛋白质—蛋白质开始结合,在45℃~50℃产生凝胶化(conc.>0.5重量%)。在53℃~63℃的温度下,胶原蛋白开始变性,随后胶原纤维发生收缩。如果胶原纤维不能通过耐热分子间键稳定,则它在进一步加热时溶解并形成胶状。此外,作者还概述了不同种类肌肉蛋白在加热过程中的结构变化及其对质地品质的影响。对于一般完整肌肉的肉块,一定温度的热处理后,显微组织收缩,肌节长度缩短,持水性降低,韧性发生1次或者2次的跃升。鱼糜制品、汉堡肉饼及乳化香肠等碎肉产品,因加工工艺影响,肌肉系统的结构大幅改变。鱼糜制品形成过程较畜禽肌肉复杂;鱼类肌肉中盐溶性蛋白在加热作用下通过分子间二硫键、疏水作用力、氢键等等的作用,包裹水分重新形成立体网状结构,成为具有凝胶特性的鱼糜制品。通常畜禽类肌肉没有鱼糜凝胶形成的能力强。与乳化香肠相比,汉堡肉整体纤维和纤维碎片的出现率更高,其含量高达50%~70%,导致受热后收缩程度更大。乳化香肠中,因肌肉彻底粉碎搅拌因而肌原纤维蛋白被抽提出,在加热时产生密集的蛋白质网络—凝胶,通过毛细管作用力可有效地保持水分。了解不同种类肉蛋白质在烹饪过程中的结构变化以及质构品质变化机理,可为制定更合理的肉类加工方式提供理论依据。     

Dietary vitamin E requirement of sub‐adult genetically improved farmed tilapia strain of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in freshwater

A two‐factor orthogonal test was conducted to determine the dietary vitamin E (VE, dl ‐α‐tocopheryl acetate) requirement for sub‐adult GIFT strain of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at two lipid levels, and evaluate its effect on antioxidant responses. A basal diet containing 60 or 130 g/kg of soybean oil was supplemented with 0, 20, 40, 60, 120 and 240 mg VE/kg, respectively. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of tilapia with initial weight (80.3 ± 0.7) g for 10 weeks. Results showed that the weight gain, feed efficiency and hepatic VE retention of fish were significantly increased by the increased VE in diets. In groups with 60 and 130 g/kg lipid, fish fed diets supplemented with VE had higher serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity, and lower malondialdehyde content than fish fed the VE un‐supplemented diet (p < .05). The proximate composition of fish had no significant difference in the group with 130 g/kg lipid, whereas crude lipid and ash content were significantly affected by dietary VE in the group with 60 g/kg lipid. Based on broken‐line regression analysis, dietary VE requirement to support the maximum weight gain and serum SOD were 43.2–45.8 and 66.0–76.1 mg/kg in diets with 60 and 130 g/kg lipid, respectively.     

Effects of ferulic acid on growth performance,immunity and antioxidant status in genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed oxidized fish oil

A study was conducted to characterize the effects of dietary oxidized fish oil on the growth performance, immunity and antioxidant status of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and to determine the role of ferulic acid on the oxidative damage induced by the oxidized fish oil. The tilapia (13.73 ± 0.31 g) were fed four experimental diets containing untreated (peroxide value, POV: 2.2 meq/kg) and highly oxidized (POV: 120.6 meq/kg) fish oil either with or without ferulic acid (0 or 400 mg/kg) supplementation for 12 weeks. From the results, the oxidized fish oil treatments increased antioxidant enzyme activities and MDA values but decreased the weight gain and the immunological parameters in tilapia. Meanwhile, the serum biochemical indices were significantly affected by the oxidized fish oil. Besides, the addition of ferulic acid partially counteracted the free radical‐induced damage and improved the health status of tilapia. In conclusion, the oxidized fish oil may induce oxidative stress, destroy liver, dysregulate lipid metabolism as well as reduce non‐specific immunity, and eventually result in growth inhibition of tilapia. The ferulic acid supplementation partially offset the negative effects of the oxidized fish oil on tilapia.     

Digestive characteristics and blood chemistry profile of triploid rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss: influence of body size and seasonal variation

Fisheries Science - Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of body size and seasonal variation on organ indexes, digestive enzymes and plasma biochemistry parameters of triploid...     

离心泵叶片开槽抑制空化数值模拟

为了进一步提高低比转数离心泵的空化性能,提出在叶片压力面开槽的方法来抑制空化。针对离心泵运行过程中产生空化的流动特点,基于Kubota空化模型,采用SST k-ω模型对在相同工况下的离心泵中两相流动进行数值模拟与分析。模拟结果表明：叶片表面开槽后,离心泵各个工况下的扬程有所上升,在设计点扬程提高12.8%,同时效率提高4.2%。叶片开槽可以有效阻止低压区域向外扩张,改变压力的分布,对离心泵内各个阶段空化均有抑制作用。叶片开槽可以优化流场结构,使流道内的压力增加,减小空泡的体积分数。叶片开槽时离心泵叶轮内空泡体积在空化的各个阶段均小于无槽时叶轮内空泡体积,在空化发展阶段,开槽时空泡体积持续衰减。