氮沉降对凋落物分解的影响研究进展

过去几十年的人类活动增加了陆地生态系统的氮输入量,对凋落物分解的影响有促进、抑制和没有影响3种情况。凋落物的基质质量影响凋落物的分解,其中木质素、纤维素、酚类物质、N浓度、P浓度、C/N比、C/P比、木质素/N比具有重要作用。人类活动引起的全球变化,如CO₂增加、温度上升和降水变化,影响了氮沉降的速率和凋落物分解。未来氮沉降对凋落物分解的研究热点包括加强氮沉降对热带与亚热带森林凋落物和阔叶树种凋落物分解影响的研究,氮沉降对凋落物分解影响研究的长期化,采用13C同位素研究凋落物分解,注重凋落物分解对氮沉降与大气CO₂浓度升高、气候变暖、降水变化、紫外线辐射增强、P沉降交互作用响应的研究。     

Barriers to Open Government Data (OGD) initiative in Tanzania: Stakeholders’ perspectives

Open Government Data (OGD) initiatives are picking up across the globe with their emphasis upon the tenets of transparency, collaboration, and participation. While much of the research has remained confined at unraveling the theoretical and conceptual dimensions of OGD, empirical investigations are visibly lacking, especially in the African context. Using a qualitative research methodology, we analyze the responses received from relevant stakeholders—representatives from public and private sector—regarding their views about the OGD initiative in Tanzania. Our findings show that the OGD initiative in Tanzania is in an emerging stage and there are barriers (organizational, social, legal, and technical) toward instituting a robust OGD initiative in the country. Further, we find that there is inertia among the government departments in terms of publishing data sets. Our findings provide a sounding board for further research on the sustainability of OGD initiatives in Tanzania and the other African countries, by and large.     

Effects of formic acid and potassium diformate on the fermentation quality,chemical composition and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of potassium diformate (KDF) as a potential additive for alfalfa silage. Fresh alfalfa was untreated or treated with formic acid (4 g/kg fresh weight, FW) or three concentrations of KDF (4, 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW). After 60 days of ensiling, the addition of formic acid and greater levels of KDF (5.5 and 7 g/kg) effectively reduced silage pH and inhibited the undesirable bacteria, indicated by lower butyric acid, ethanol, ammonia N concentrations and microbial populations (including enterobacteria, yeasts, moulds and clostridia). Additives decreased the dry‐matter loss, and more water‐soluble carbohydrates were preserved in the silages with formic acid or potassium diformate than in the control. Alfalfa silages treated with formic acid at 4 g/kg FW or potassium diformate at 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW were classified as the highest quality silage based on the higher Flieg's point (above 70) and remained stable for more than 9 days during aerobic exposure. Potassium diformate is recommended as an effective additive for alfalfa silages at a level of 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW under the humid and hot conditions of southern China.     

长期定位施肥对潮土磷素下移及有效磷生态阈值的研究

研究长期施肥条件下磷素下移情况及其与0～20 cm土层有效磷含量的关系,明确有效磷生态阈值对作物产量和农业生态安全有重要的意义。试验基于"国家潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测站" 30年定位试验,选取5个处理,即不施磷肥(NK)、施用氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、氮磷钾化肥和有机肥配施(MNPK)、MNPK处理施肥量的1.5倍(1.5NPKM)、氮磷钾化肥与玉米秸秆还田配施(SNPK),采集0～20、 20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100 cm土壤样品,分析有效磷含量,研究土壤有效磷垂直变化,并分析0～20 cm土层有效磷含量与磷素下移关系。结果表明,长期施用磷肥可提高有效磷含量,施磷量越高,有效磷含量增加越快;0～20 cm土层有效磷含量15.7～24.7 mg/kg,磷素下移慢,可下移到40～60 cm土层;而有效磷含量大于55.6 mg/kg时,磷素下移速度显著增加,下移到60～80 cm土层,并且下移量更大。综上,磷素下移的深度受耕层有效磷含量的影响,潮土区土壤有效磷生态阈值为25 mg/kg,既满足作物高产对养分的需要,又不对生态环境造成危害。0～20 cm土层有效磷含量为15～25 mg/kg时,控制磷的投入量;当0～20 cm土层有效磷含量超出25 mg/kg,减少磷的投入。     

杜马斯燃烧法和凯氏定氮法在土壤全氮检测中的比较研究

选用 6组不同全氮含量的土壤样品(梯度为 0%～0.06%、0.06%～0.1%、0.1%～0.2%、0.2%～0.3%、0.3%～ 0.4%和 0.4%～ 0.5%)和 4份土壤有效态成分分析标准物质为试验材料,分别采用杜马斯燃烧法和凯氏定氮法测定其全氮含量,并对两种方法测定结果的精密度、准确度和相关性及检测成本进行了比较分析。对土壤有效态成分分析标准物质全氮含量的检测,两种方法测定结果都接近于真实值,比较两种方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)和相对误差(RE)值,可确定杜马斯燃烧法精密度更高,且准确度更好;对于含氮量范围为 0%～ 0.06%的样品,两种方法的测定值之比(D/K)为 0.692～ 0.965,杜马斯燃烧法测定结果的变异系数为 0.00%～ 9.96%,测定结果不稳定,两种方法的测定值间存在显著的线性相关,但 R2仅为 0.9049;而含氮量大于 0.06%的样品,两种方法的测定值之比(D/K)为 0.940～ 1.104,变异系数均小于 5%,测定结果间存在显著的线性相关(R2=0.9979)。在检测成本方面,完成相同数量样品检测,杜马斯燃烧法所需时间和人力都约是凯氏定氮法的1/2。因而,杜马斯燃烧法是一种环保、高效的土壤全氮检测方法,对于含氮量范围为 0%～ 0.06%的土壤样品,凯氏定氮法的测定结果更接近于真实值,而对于含氮量大于 0.06%的土壤样品,杜马斯燃烧法更加适用。     

拖拉机变速箱箱体快速设计方法与软件开发

针对目前拖拉机变速箱箱体产品开发周期长、设计与制造成本高的问题,该研究提出了一种基于知识的拖拉机变速箱箱体快速设计方法。首先,研究并建立箱体设计知识库、推理机制及参数化模型;然后,运用Visual Studio 2015的MFC编写快速设计系统的人机交互界面,联合SQL Server2012、Creo4.0完成快速设计系统与知识库、模型库的连接,建立拖拉机动力换挡变速箱箱体快速设计系统,并进行实例验证;最后,运用ANSYS workbench18.1对系统输出模型进行有限元仿真分析,箱体最大等效应力为206.19 MPa,最大变形为0.450 mm,最大间隙变化量为0.007 8 mm,最大错移量为0.026 mm,一阶固有频率为369.48 Hz,与ZF公司相同传动方案产品相比,箱体质量减少了28.8 kg。结果表明：该系统能高效、快速地完成拖拉机变速箱箱体开发,系统设计的拖拉机变速箱箱体具有良好的强度、刚度、密封性与动态特性,产品质量更轻,这对于缩短产品开发周期、降低设计与制造成本具有重要意义。     

Design,Semisynthesis, Insecticidal and Antibacterial Activities of a Series of Marine-Derived Geodin Derivatives and Their Preliminary Structure–Activity Relationships

To enhance the biological activity of the natural product geodin (1), isolated from the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sp., a series of new ether derivatives (2–37) was designed and semisynthesized using a high-yielding one-step reaction. In addition, the insecticidal and antibacterial activities of all geodin congeners were evaluated systematically. Most of these derivatives showed better insecticidal activities against Helicoverpa armigera Hübner than 1. In particular, 15 showed potent insecticidal activity with an IC₅₀ value of 89 μM, comparable to the positive control azadirachtin (IC₅₀ = 70 μM). Additionally, 5, 12, 13, 16, 30 and 33 showed strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas salmonicida with MIC values in the range of 1.15–4.93 μM. The preliminary structure–activity relationships indicated that the introduction of halogenated benzyl especially fluorobenzyl, into 1 and substitution of 4-OH could be key factors in increasing the insecticidal and antibacterial activities of geodin.     

离心泵压水室内部定常和非定常流动PIV测量

为研究离心泵压水室内的流动特性,利用PIV技术在内同步和外同步模式下分别测量了其内部的定常和非定常流场,详细分析了压水室内部流动现象和流动规律。结果表明,压水室内速度沿轴向分布均匀,随圆周角增大而减小;在叶轮和压水室的交界处,存在清晰的速度分界线;受蜗舌的分流作用,部分流体回流入叶轮流道,扩散管入口处速度显著降低;压水室内部周期性非定常流动规律明显,第VIII断面上,速度的大小和波动幅度沿径向均呈减小趋势,周向速度的波动与叶轮流道内部高速流区的位置有关,而径向速度的波动主要受叶片干扰和哥氏力的影响。研究结果为压水室设计以及离心泵内部流动的试验研究提供了借鉴。     

冬小麦不同生长期雷达后向散射特征分析与应用

雷达遥感具有全天候观测能力,其时效性保障是作物关键物候期观测的迫切需求。该文以全极化雷达遥感数据RADARSAT-2为数据源,选择冬小麦的孕穗期和乳熟期为研究对象,以理论模型MIMICS模拟为依据,分析了冬小麦不同物候期的散射特征和参数提取方法。结果表明：冬小麦不同生长期由于结构上的差异,散射特征差别很大;模型模拟可以为长势反演提供参考,为作物参数反演提供理论依据;孕穗期可以用极化比HH/VV提取作物长势信息,乳熟期极化比VV/VH更易提取长势信息,且精度更高,同时极化比VV/VH能在乳熟期估算冬小麦的产量。