新疆奎屯河流域平原区生态需水研究

新疆奎屯河流域地处我国西北干旱区,随着人口增加和经济发展,国民经济需水与生态需水已成为流域水资源开发利用和生态环境保护的主要矛盾。因此,为了实现奎屯河流域水资源的可持续利用及国民经济的可持续发展,急需对生态需水进行研究。本文以流域社会经济与生态环境协调发展为目标,分析了奎屯河流域存在的主要生态环境问题,在干旱区生态需水概念与分类的基础上,给出了奎屯河流域生态需水的界定范围。在此前提下,从流域生态环境现状及未来需求出发,采用不同的计算方法,对流域生态需水进行了计算,可为流域水资源优化配置及生态环境建设提供科学的依据。结果表明:奎屯河流域生态需水达5.65×108m3,占流域水资源总量16.98×108m3的33.3%,占径流总量15.41×108m3的36.7%。其中天然绿洲生态需水为2.41×108m3,占生态需水的43%;人工绿洲生态需水达3.24×108m3,占生态需水的57%。     

浅谈“绿葬”的主要形式及其植物配置

随着中西方墓园形式的趋于生态化和人们思想观念的转化。"绿葬"作为一种新型的丧葬形式逐渐为人们所接受与应用,并迅速发展,前景良好。现对"绿葬"的概念和形式做以简要介绍,列举了树葬、鲜花葬、草坪葬等绿葬形式在墓园规划设计中的具体应用方法,对此种新型丧葬形式的发展前景作出了简要分析,并详细阐述了各种形式在规划设计中植物种类的选择和配置,以期对现代生态墓园建设提供参考和有意义的启示。     

野生稻与栽培稻的杂种后代对褐稻虱的抗性机制初探

为了开拓抗虫基因源,培育抗性稳定的水稻抗虫品种,采用感虫的栽培稻雄性不育株为母本,以高抗褐稻虱的野生稻为父本进行有性杂交。通过用改良的苗期群体筛选法,对其后代进行抗性鉴定,证实其抗性可以遗传,已成功地获得了抗褐稻虱的杂种后代。并根据飞虱在抗虫植株上的生存率、群体建立、蜜露量和稻株的受害级别等指标与感虫对照种TN1上的差异显著性作比较,综合评定杂种后代对褐稻虱的抗性机制。结果表明,测试的N482(A)/101392组合的F_5、F_6、F_7和H_4等几个后代对褐稻虱的抗性机制均为抗生性。     

Biological Control of Sclerotinia Diseases of Rapeseed by Aerial Applications of the Mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans

Indoor and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of applying the mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans to the aerial parts of rapeseed plants at the flowering stage to control sclerotinia diseases caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Under controlled conditions, a petal inoculation technique was used to determine the effect of conidial suspensions of C. minitans on suppression of sclerotinia leaf blight. Results showed that C. minitans was effective in inhibiting infection initiated by ascospores of S. sclerotiorum on flower petals by restricting mycelial growth of the pathogen. Suppression of lesion development was related to the conidial concentration of C. minitans, with larger lesions at low concentration (5×10³conidia ml⁻¹), but smaller lesions at high concentration (5×10⁴ conidia ml⁻¹ or higher). When C. minitans-treated rapeseed leaves were inoculated with mycelia of S. sclerotiorum, C. minitans failed to prevent infection of leaves, but caused a significant reduction in number of sclerotia produced on the diseased leaves. No significant difference in efficacy was detected between the two isolates of C. minitans, LRC 2137 and Chy-1, on the two rapeseed cultivars, Westar (spring type) and Zhongyou 821 (winter type). Results of field trials showed a significant reduction of stem rot of rapeseed in four (1997, 1999, 2003 and 2004) out of five years by aerial application of C. minitans, compared with controls. No significant difference in suppressive efficacy was observed between the treatments of C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹), C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹) + benomyl (50 μg ml⁻¹) and benomyl (100 μg ml⁻¹) in 2003, and between the treatments of C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹), C. minitans (10⁶ conidia ml⁻¹) + vinclozolin (100 μg ml⁻¹) and vinclozolin (500 μg ml⁻¹) in 2004. Sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum collected from diseased plants in plots treated with C. minitans in 1999, 2000 and 2003, or with C. minitans + benomyl in 2003 were infected by C. minitans at frequencies ranging from 21.3 to 54.5%. This study concludes that aerial spraying of C. minitans is an effective method for controlling sclerotinia diseases of rapeseed.     

土壤与植物中钙营养研究进展

钙的应用非常广泛,它对作物的生长及品质具有重要的影响。通过论述植物与钙的营养机理的整体研究现状及植物对钙的吸收、运转和分布,讨论了钙与激素之间的相互作用,同时阐述了肥料中的钙在土壤中的迁移与转化,并分析了钙与其他营养元素之间的互相作用机理,最后对钙营养研究的进一步发展提出了自己的建议,旨在为钙肥的合理利用提供理论依据。     

绞股蓝、决明子、大枣、山楂复合保健饮料的生产工艺

以绞股蓝、决明子、大枣、山楂为主要原料,配以柠檬酸、蜂蜜、蔗糖、稳定剂等辅料,经科学加工成有益于人体健康的保健饮料。就绞股蓝、决明子、大枣、山楂复合保健饮料的生产工艺、配方和关键技术进行了研究。通过正交试验及方差分析确定出该饮品的最佳配方为D4B2E4C4A2,即澄清的绞股蓝、决明子、大枣、山楂混合汁用量为35%,蔗糖8%,蜂蜜2.8%,柠檬酸钾0.2%,柠檬酸0.4%,水53.6%(上述百分比均为质量分数)。通过小试还确定出产品最适稳定剂配方为A2B1C2,即羧甲基纤维素钠0.20%,黄原胶0.01%,果胶0.15%,混合使用时稳定效果最好。此外还简述了绞股蓝、决明子、大枣、山楂的营养和药用价值,为绞股蓝、决明子、大枣、山楂复合保健饮料的研制、应用和进一步工业化生产提供了科学依据。     

Comparing surface erosion processes in four soils from the Loess Plateau under extreme rainfall events

This research aims to improve erosion control practice in the Loess Plateau, by studying the surface erosion processes, including splash, sheet/interrill and rill erosion in four contrasting soils under high rainfall intensity (120 mm h⁻¹) with three-scale indoor artificial experiments. Four contrasting soils as sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam and loamy clay were collected from different parts of the Loess Plateau. The results showed that sediment load was significantly impacted by soil properties in all three sub-processes. Splash rate (4.0–21.6 g m⁻²∙min⁻¹) was highest in sandy loam from the north part of the Loess Plateau and showed a negative power relation with the mean weight diameter of aggregates after 20 min of rainfall duration. The average sediment load by sheet/interrill erosion (6.94–42.86 g m⁻²∙min⁻¹) was highest in clay loam from middle part of the Loess Plateau, and the stable sediment load after 20 min showed a positive power relation with the silt content in soil. The average sediment load increased dramatically by rill and interrill erosion (21.03–432.16 g m⁻²∙min⁻¹), which was highest in loamy clay from south part of the Loess Plateau. The average sediment load after the occurrence of rill showed a positive power relation with clay content and a negative power relation with soil organic matter content. The impacts of slope gradient on the runoff rate and sediment load also changed with soil properties. The critical factors varied for different processes, which were the aggregate size for splash erosion, the content of silt particles and slope gradient for sheet/interrill erosion, and the content of clay particles, soil organic matter and slope gradient for rill erosion. Based on the results of the experiments, specific erosion control practices were proposed by targeting certain erosion processes in areas with different soil texture and different distribution of slope gradient. The findings from this study should support the improvement of erosion prediction and cropland management in different regions of the Loess Plateau.     

出口禽肉现状及其对策

１出口禽肉的现状１．１禽肉出口量逐年下降 ,以上海口岸为例 ,１９９７年、１９９８年出口量分别为４．４４万吨、３．８８万吨 ,较上年分别减少１９．５２%和１２．６７%。这主要是出口渠道单一 ,大量集中在日本。亚洲金融危机不仅造成日本市场萧条、需求减少 ,而且由于泰国货币贬值形成了价格竞争优势 ,致使我国禽肉产品没有了原先价格优势。同时１９９８年初 ,香港禽流感事件和欧盟至今未解除进口我国禽肉产品的禁令 ,都对我国禽肉出口造成影响。１．２当前国外对禽肉产品的要求日趋严格 ,要出口必须先行注册。只有获得国外卫生当局批准…     

RNA干扰在动物病毒病治疗上的应用

RNA干扰(RNAi)是近年来发现的由双链小RNA(siRNA)介导的以序列特异性方式诱导同源mRNA降解的新技术。由于其特异性和有效性,已被认为是一种重要的特异性基因阻断技术,在抗病毒研究中已取得很大成果。内源性RNAi机制在低等动物中的病毒免疫作用已经明确,但在高等动物病毒感染中的研究仍处于讨论阶段。因此,通过人工方法在高等动物体内建立有效的RNAi体系来抵抗病毒已成为国内外学者的研究重点之一。近来,将RNA干扰技术应用于许多病毒性疾病的治疗性研究均取得了显著的基因沉默效果,为高等动物病毒病的预防和治疗开辟了一条新途径。论文就RNAi的作用机制和其在动物病毒病治疗上的应用进行了综述。     

中国部分重点地区牛结核病的γ-干扰素试验流行病学调查

为调查部分省份牛结核病(bTB)的流行情况,我们在山东等14个省份34个历史上疫情较重的县共129个场户采集牛全血2 201份,采用CO2培养箱或蜡罐方法进行bTBγ-干扰素检测,结果显示样品的个体阳性率为6.4%,群阳性率为42.6%。饲养模式对bTB感染影响的统计显示较大规模场的个体阳性率(6.9%)和群阳性率(60%)均高于散养户(分别为5.7%和35.6%)。而牦牛样品的检测结果均为阴性。5个牛群的禽型PPD阳性统计结果显示牛型PPD阳性率越高,则禽型PPD阳性牛在牛型PPD阳性牛中的所占比率越低。在所有阳性牛群中,阳性率≥10%的牛群所占比例高达81.8%(45/55),bTB感染呈现出一个"群发性"的特征。