榆林沟流域水土资源开发利用研究

研究了黄河中游第 4期试点流域——榆林沟流域水土资源与环境优势、水土资源开发利用所存在的问题 ,提出了该流域水土资源开发利用途径 ,并通过措施的对位配置 ,对水土资源开发利用实际效果进行了分析     

长期免耕水稻田土壤的生物特征研究

对经过 10年半旱式免耕定位试验的水稻土主要微生物类群数量和微生物生物量的变化进行对比研究 ,结果表明 :实行半旱式厢作及垄作免耕法能够迅速地提高土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和速效氮、磷的水平 ;微生物数量和微生物生物量变化一般存在季节性规律 :春季高 ,夏季至夏末降低 ;各处理土体上层和下层 (0～ 7.5 cm,7.5～15 cm)的基本肥力特征及微生物特征无明显区别 ;免耕处理土壤 ,其微生物的季节性变幅较小 ,垄上或厢上土壤微生物生物量甚至表现反季节性 ,整个生长季节内稳中有升 ,有利于土壤有机物质的转化和土壤肥力的发挥     

Recovery of pigments from Origanum majorana L. by extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide

Extraction of pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) from marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) with supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated. The aim of this study was to map the effects of extraction pressure and temperature on the yield of coloring materials by applying a 3(2) full factorial design with three repeated tests in the center of the design. For comparison, laboratory and pilot plant Soxhlet extractions were carried out using ethanol and n-hexane solvents. The compositions of pigments in marjoram extracts were determined by HPLC. Similar amounts of carotenoids, in addition to 40% of chlorophylls and their derivatives, were recovered from the supercritical fluid extraction, in comparison to the ethanol Soxhlet extraction.     

Use of reverse micelles for the simultaneous extraction of oil, proteins, and glucosinolates from cruciferous oilseeds

Cruciferous oilseeds are important sources of oil, proteins, and glucosinolates (GLs), potentially available when biorefinery processes are used. The proposed extraction technology is based on the use of reverse micelles (RMs) made with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) dispersed in organic solvent. The physicochemical properties of this extraction system and the good water solubility of many high value compounds, such as GLs and some proteins, permit the simultaneous extraction of oil, and these products from cruciferous oilseed meals. This procedure is based on three main steps: (i) seed conditioning; (ii) solid-liquid extraction by RM solution; and (iii) back-transfer of the RM solution for recovery of the extracted compounds. The method makes it possible to simultaneously extract almost the same amount of oil as with pure organic solvents used in the current extraction plants and more than 90% of soluble proteins and GLs. It is a promising biorefinery technology alternative to traditional oil extraction processes.     

信阳土壤锌的现状及杂交水稻施锌技术研究

信阳地区位于河南省南部,土壤类型有黄棕壤、黄褐土、潮土、水稻土等。通过土壤普查,发现全区土壤表层速效锌含量普遍偏低,土壤缺锌已成为限制作物产量和品质的重要障碍因素。1994～1996年我们在对信阳土壤锌的现状进行分析的基础上,对杂交水稻施锌技术作了系统试验,结果表明,杂交水稻锌肥耖口基施30～45kg／hm2和蘸秧根3～9kg／hm2增产效果十分显著。     

水稻白叶枯病菌拮抗细菌B56菌株的拮抗活性研究

B56 菌株经30 ℃振荡培养去菌体,其上清液经2 m ol/L 硫酸铵沉淀获得对水稻白叶枯病菌有拮抗活性的初提液。该初提液具有耐热性,经一定强度热处理后仍保持强的抑菌能力;抑菌效果在pH3～9 之间无明显差异;用胰蛋白酶、蛋白酶K 等处理后拮抗活性无明显变化。利用PhenylSepharose CL-4B疏水色谱柱和DEAE-Sephacel阴离子交换柱分离B56 菌株初提液, 得到一个具有拮抗活性的洗脱峰。该洗脱峰经SDS-PAGE检测发现具有一条分子量约为36 kD 的蛋白带。质粒提取和检测发现B56菌株存在一个稳定的内源质粒。     

Delay of disease development in transgenic plants that express the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein gene

A chimeric gene containing a cloned cDNA of the coat protein (CP) gene of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was introduced into tobacco cells on a Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens from which tumor inducing genes had been removed. Plants regenerated from transformed cells expressed TMV mRNA and CP as a nuclear trait. Seedlings from self-fertilized transgenic plants were inoculated with TMV and observed for development of disease symptoms. The seedlings that expressed the CP gene were delayed in symptom development and 10 to 60 percent of the transgenic plants failed to develop symptoms for the duration of the experiments. Increasing the concentration of TMV in the inoculum shortened the delay in appearance of symptoms. The results of these experiments indicate that plants can be genetically transformed for resistance to virus disease development.     

木质素化学改性抑制杨木碱性过氧化氢机械浆返色的研究

中试系统制备了杨木碱性过氧化氢机械浆。分别在水相 /有机溶剂相 /气相等条件下 ,使用乙酐处理杨木化机浆 (原浆及硼氢化钠还原后纸浆 ) ,分别抄造成 60g/m2 纸片 ,测定了不同时间紫外线照射后试样白度。运用返色值 (PCno .)和白度稳定效果 (BSE)等指标评价处理后浆料的光学稳定性。研究结果表明 ,有机溶剂相和气相乙酰化后的纸浆 ,光学稳定性的提高程度取决于乙酐用量和反应时间即乙酰化程度。通过乙酰化 ,可以获取光学完全稳定的杨木化机浆。紫外漫射反射光谱表明 ,杨木APMP机械浆光诱导返色的主要原因是纸浆木质素中羰基和酚羟基团吸收紫外光后变化形成发色结构所致。还原配合纸浆乙酰化处理 ,可能成为防止高得率纸浆返色的工业应用方法     

Assessing wild bees in perennial bioenergy landscapes: effects of bioenergy crop composition,landscape configuration,and bioenergy crop area

Context

Wild bee populations are currently under threat, which has led to recent efforts to increase pollinator habitat in North America. Simultaneously, U.S. federal energy policies are beginning to encourage perennial bioenergy cropping (PBC) systems, which have the potential to support native bees.

Objectives

Our objective was to explore the potentially interactive effects of crop composition, total PBC area, and PBC patches in different landscape configurations.

Methods

Using a spatially-explicit modeling approach, the Lonsdorf model, we simulated the impacts of three perennial bioenergy crops (PBC: willow, switchgrass, and prairie), three scenarios with different total PBC area (11.7, 23.5 and 28.8% of agricultural land converted to PBC) and two types of landscape configurations (PBC in clustered landscape patterns that represent realistic future configurations or in dispersed neutral landscape models) on a nest abundance index in an Illinois landscape.

Results

Our modeling results suggest that crop composition and PBC area are particularly important for bee nest abundance, whereas landscape configuration is associated with bee nest abundance at the local scale but less so at the regional scale.

Conclusions

Strategies to enhance wild bee habitat should therefore emphasize the crop composition and amount of PBC.