几种中草药抽提物对黄瓜花叶病毒引起的辣椒花叶病治疗作用初步研究

 在完整植株上,利用喷叶法测定中草药抽提物,以及少量微生物代谢产物,对黄瓜花叶病毒引起的辣椒花叶病的治疗效果。以处理组病指与对照组病指减少百分率表示疗效,用ELISA检测植株体内病毒浓度。根据提纯病毒浓度(X)和吸光值(Y)之间的回归关系,得标准方程:Y=0.437lgx-0.28,相关系数r=0.97。从112个材料中发现,连翘(Forsythia suspensaVahl)大黄(Rheum officinalle Bail)和板兰根(Isatis tinctoria L.)具有比较稳定的疗效。在接种前72小时和接种后24小时喷施抽提物,三者疗效均在90%以上。接种24小时后喷施大黄板兰根疗效均在70%以上。在大黄板兰根治愈的植株内检测不出病毒,在显症植株内,病毒浓度分别下降60%和70%。大黄在接种72小时后喷施.或稀释100倍时仍具显著疗效,并引起植株体内过氧化物酶谱显著变化。大黄对植株生长具一定的促进作用,而板兰根引起植株黄化,侧芽提早萌发。     

几种植物质杀虫剂对杂拟谷盗的毒力试验

试验证实，印楝素，闹着花－Ⅲ，黄杜鹃花乙酸乙酯抽提物和藜芦植物粉均能有效地抑制杂拟谷盗种群的繁殖，有开发利用的价值。印楝素对幼虫的生长发育抑制作用较强，是防治杂拟谷盗的一种高效而安全的新型杀虫剂。     

猪毛蒿精油的杀虫作用研究

本文首次报道了猪毛蒿(Artenisia acoparia)精油的杀虫作用.经活性跟踪,确证茵陈二炔即为猪毛蒿精油中的活性成分.本文还报道了茵陈二炔的光活化特性及其对昆虫酯酶的影响.     

中国不同地区楝属植物中川楝素含量测定

应用高速液相色谱(HPLC)对我国楝属(Melia)植物主要分布区的川楝、苦楝的树皮、果实及叶片中川楝素含量进行了测定。结果表明,采自不同地区川棘、苦楝样本中川楝素的含量差别较大。树皮中的含量以贵州(沿河),陕西(西乡)采的苦楝及河南(扶沟)采的川楝较高,分别为5.160、4.697和4.223mg/g。果实中川楝素的含量都较低,苦楝果中仅含微量或测不出。杭州采的川楝果中川楝素含量却显著高于其它楝果样本,而且比其树皮的含量还高(分别为0.800和0.574mg/g)。所采的楝叶中在该测定条件下测不到川楝素存在。楝科中其它9种非楝属植物树皮中不含有川楝素。从整个测定结果可以看出,川楝素只存在于楝属植物树皮中,果中也有少量分布,川楝中川楝素的含量不一定高于苦楝。各样本中川楝素含量的差异是否与其分布区的地理环境、气候及土壤等因素有关,有必要作进一步研究。     

Subamolide E from Cinnamomum subavenium induces sub-G1 cell-cycle arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis and reduces the migration ability of human melanoma cells

The aim of this work was to investigate the anticancer cytotoxic effects of natural compound subamolide E on the human skin cancer melanoma A375.S2 cells. Subamolide E was isolated from Cinnamomum subavenium and demonstrated cytotoxicities in the cell-growth assay at concentration ranges from 0 to 100 μM at 24 h. Propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry analyses were used to evaluate cell-cycle distribution and found that subamolide E caused DNA damage in the sub-G1 phase with a dose-dependent manner after 24 h of treatment. According to the western blot result, subamolide-E-treated cells with the increase of caspase-dependent apoptotic proteins induced related pathway mechanisms. Subamolide E also showed antimigratory activities of A375.S2 cells on the wound-healing assay. Finally, subamolide E demonstrated minor cytotoxicities to normal human skin cells (keratinocytes, melanocytes, and fibroblasts); therefore, it is a potential chemotherapeutic agent against skin melanoma.     

Preventive effects of taurine on development of hepatic steatosis induced by a high-fat/cholesterol dietary habit

Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is also called hepatic steatosis and has become an emergent liver disease in developed and developing nations. This study was to exam the preventive effects of taurine (Tau) on the development of hepatic steatosis via a hamster model. Although hepatic steatosis of hamsters was induced by feeding a high-fat/cholesterol diet, drinking water containing 0.35 and 0.7% Tau improved (p < 0.05) the serum lipid profile. Meanwhile, the smaller (p < 0.05) liver sizes and lower (p < 0.05) hepatic lipids in high-fat/cholesterol dietary hamsters drinking Tau may be partially due to higher (p < 0.05) fecal cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and bile acid outputs. In the regulation of lipid homeostasis, drinking a Tau solution upregulated (p < 0.05) low-density lipoprotein receptor and CYP7A1 gene expressions in high-fat/cholesterol dietary hamsters, which result in increased fecal cholesterol and bile acid outputs. Drinking a Tau solution also upregulated (p < 0.05) peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) and uncoupling protein 2 (UPC2) gene expressions in high-fat/cholesterol dietary hamsters, thus increasing energy expenditure. Besides, Tau also enhanced (p < 0.05) liver antioxidant capacities (GSH, TEAC, SOD, and CAT) and decreased (p < 0.05) lipid peroxidation (MDA), which alleviated liver damage in the high-fat/cholesterol dietary hamsters. Therefore, Tau shows preventive effects on the development of hepatic steatosis induced by a high-fat/cholesterol dietary habit.     

Anti-inflammatory effects of supercritical carbon dioxide extract and its isolated carnosic acid from Rosmarinus officinalis leaves

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) leaves possess a variety of bioactivities. Previous studies have shown that the extract of rosemary leaves from supercritical fluid extraction inhibits the expression of inflammatory mediators with apparent dose-dependent responses. In this study, three different extraction conditions (5000 psi at 40, 60, and 80 °C) of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) toward the extraction of antioxidants from rosemary were investigated. Furthermore, simultaneous comparison of the anti-inflammatory properties between rosemary extract prepared from SC-CO(2) under optimal conditions (5,000 psi and 80 °C) and its purified carnosic acid (CA) using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated murine RAW 264.7 macrophage cells was also presented. Results showed that the yield of 3.92% and total phenolics of 213.5 mg/g extract obtained from the most effective extraction conditions showed a high inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation (IC(50) 33.4 μg/mL). Both the SC-CO(2) extract and CA markedly suppressed the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), phosphorylated inhibitor-kappaB (P-IκB), and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB)/p65 in a dose-dependent manner. The five major compounds of verbenone, cirsimaritin, salvigenin, carnosol, and CA existing in the SC-CO(2) extract were isolated by semipreparative HPLC and identified by HPLC-MS/MS analysis. CA was the most abundant recorded compound and the most important photochemical with an anti-inflammatory effect with an IC(50) of 22.5 μM or 7.47 μg/mL presented to the best inhibitory activity on NO production better than that of the 14.50 μg/mL dosage prepared from the SC-CO(2) extract. Nevertheless, the effective inhibition of LPS-induced NF-κB signaling in RAW 264.7 cells from the SC-CO(2) extract extends the potential application of nutraceutical formulation for the prevention of inflammatory diseases.     

Diminishing returns epistasis among beneficial mutations decelerates adaptation

Epistasis has substantial impacts on evolution, in particular, the rate of adaptation. We generated combinations of beneficial mutations that arose in a lineage during rapid adaptation of a bacterium whose growth depended on a newly introduced metabolic pathway. The proportional selective benefit for three of the four loci consistently decreased when they were introduced onto more fit backgrounds. These three alleles all reduced morphological defects caused by expression of the foreign pathway. A simple theoretical model segregating the apparent contribution of individual alleles to benefits and costs effectively predicted the interactions between them. These results provide the first evidence that patterns of epistasis may differ for within- and between-gene interactions during adaptation and that diminishing returns epistasis contributes to the consistent observation of decelerating fitness gains during adaptation.