Actinomycin X2, an Antimicrobial Depsipeptide from Marine-Derived Streptomyces cyaneofuscatus Applied as a Good Natural Dye for Silk Fabric

Actinomycins as clinical medicine have been extensively studied, while few investigations were conducted to discover the feasibility of actinomycins as antimicrobial natural dye contributing to the medical value of the functional fabrics. This study was focused on the application of actinomycin X2 (Ac.X2), a peptide pigment cultured from marine-derived Streptomyces cyaneofuscatus, in the dyeing and finishing of silk fabric. The dyeing potential of Ac.X2 with silk vs. cotton fabrics was assessed. As a result, the silk fabric exhibited greater uptake and color fastness with Ac.X2. Through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, some changes of chemical property for the dyed fabric and Ac.X2 were studied. The silk fabric dyed with Ac.X2 exhibited good UV protection ability. The antibacterial properties of dyed and finished silk were also evaluated, which exhibited over 90% antibacterial activity even after 20 washing cycles. In addition, the brine shrimp assay was conducted to evaluate the general toxicity of the tested fabric, and the results indicated that the dyed silk fabrics had a good biological safety property.     

Exogenous application of melatonin improves plant resistance to virus infection

In this study, melatonin (MEL)-mediated plant resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was examined to study local infection in Nicotiana glutinosa and systemic infection in Solanum lycopersicum. Exogenous application of 100 µm MEL increased anti-virus infection activity to 37.4% in virus-infected N. glutinosa plants. The same treatment significantly reduced relative levels of virus RNA analysed by qRT-PCR and virus titres measured by dot-ELISA, and increased the relative expression levels of the PR1 and PR5 genes analysed by qRT-PCR, in virus-infected S. lycopersicum. MEL treatment induced considerable accumulations of salicylic acid (SA) and nitric oxide (NO) but did not significantly affect production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in the virus-infected S. lycopersicum plants. Transgenic nahG N. tabacum was used to determine whether MEL-induced TMV resistance was dependent on the SA pathway. The results showed that the relative RNA level of the TMV analysed by qRT-PCR and virus titres analysed by dot-ELISA were not reduced by the MEL treatment in the nahG transgenic N. tabacum seedlings treated twice with 100 µm MEL. The increased relative expression levels of PR1 and PR5 were greatly reduced when cPTIO, an NO scavenger, was included in the MEL treatment. A working model of MEL-mediated plant resistance to TMV is proposed. MEL-mediated plant resistance to viruses provides a new avenue to control plant viral diseases.     

Considering the preferences for nitrogen forms by invasive plants: a case study from a hydroponic culture experiment

Although preference for NH₄⁺, NO₃^? or a combination of the two often differs among species, we know little about the responses of invasive plants to different inorganic N forms. Furthermore, many studies have suggested that an increase in N availability may facilitate further invasions. However, most of these studies predicted the positive feedback without considering the preference for N forms of invasive plants. Therefore, we cultivated four common invasive species (Mikania micrantha, Ipomoea cairica, Wedelia trilobata and Bidens pilosa) in South China with hydroponic media containing different forms of N (i.e. NO₃^?, NH₄NO₃ and NH₄⁺) at equimolar concentrations. Our results showed that the N forms significantly affected the growth, biomass allocation and physiological traits of the plants. All four invasive plants supplied with NO₃^? alone had better performance and greater allocation to root biomass than did plants that were supplied with NH₄⁺ alone. Moreover, the photosynthetic rate, pigment content and photosystem II activity of plants supplied with NO₃^? or NH₄NO₃ were significantly higher than those of plants supplied with NH₄⁺alone. The results suggested that all four invasive plants preferred NO₃^? rather than NH₄⁺, and changes in NO₃^? played an important role in furthering the invasions of these plants than did changes in NH₄⁺. Our results implied that decreasing NO₃^? may be a useful tool for controlling and managing invasive plants preferring NO₃^?. In addition, this study highlighted the importance of considering plant N form preference to better understand plant invasions.     

抗白粉病胡麻种质资源田间鉴定与筛选

白粉病目前已成为影响胡麻产量和质量最常见的病害之一, 种植抗病品种是防控病害最经济环保的有效措施, 然而抗病亲本材料的缺乏已成为制约抗病品种选育的关键因素。为筛选出抗白粉病胡麻材料, 本研究在田间自然感病的条件下, 采用病情指数法对300份国内外胡麻种质资源材料进行了抗白粉病鉴定和评价。结果表明, 所有供试材料均程度不同地感染胡麻白粉病, 无免疫材料, 仅有5份材料为中抗; 其余295份均为感病材料, 其中8份材料中感, 52份材料感病, 235份材料高度感病。本研究可为抗白粉病胡麻品种的培育及相关抗病基因的发掘提供参考。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺和氟虫腈对黏虫细胞色素P450基因表达的影响

为筛选出黏虫Mythimna separata参与杀虫剂解毒代谢的主效细胞色素P450基因,采用叶片浸渍法测定了用于处理黏虫3龄幼虫的亚致死浓度,通过构建转录组测序文库并结合数字基因表达(digital gene expression,DGE)对不同处理的黏虫进行测序,并运用实时荧光定量PCR(realtime quantitative polymerase chain reaction,RT-qPCR)技术验证12个P450基因的表达情况。结果表明,用于处理黏虫的氯虫苯甲酰胺和氟虫腈亚致死浓度LC_(10)分别为0.15、13.66 mg/L;对照样品、氟虫腈处理样品和氯虫苯甲酰胺处理样品分别获得59 521 504、64 838 148和41 722 990个原始序列数据,分别获得57 441 216、62 368 912和40 285 164个过滤后的序列数据;过滤后的序列长度分别为8.62、9.36和6.04 G;碱基错误率均为0.02%;Phred数值大于20、30的碱基占总碱基的百分比均高于90.59%;鸟嘌呤+胞嘧啶(guanine cytosine,GC)含量分别为47.16%、48.94%和47.55%,表明转录组测序质量较高;黏虫受氯虫苯甲酰胺胁迫后,29个P450基因表达量上调,27个P450基因表达量下调;黏虫受氟虫腈胁迫后,23个P450基因表达量上调,26个P450基因表达量下调;12个P450基因表达量的RT-qPCR技术检测结果与DGE测序文库显示的结果基本一致。     

西北地区马铃薯疮痂病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

为明确西北地区马铃薯疮痂病病原菌的种类和生物学特性,分别采用常规组织分离法和土壤混悬液分离法从宁夏、陕西和甘肃3个省区采集的29份疮痂病发病薯块和8份发病地块土壤中进行病原菌分离,并利用形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定。结果表明,从发病薯块和发病土壤中共分离到50株链霉菌Streptomyces spp.,通过回接法验证获得6株马铃薯疮痂病致病菌株。6株致病菌株的培养特性和形态特征差别较大;其中菌株G4-1、G9和SYN13不能以果糖和木糖为单一碳源,菌株SYNT3不能以棉子糖为单一碳源;除菌株NLG4-1外,其余5株菌株均能在络氨酸琼脂培养基上产生黑色素。经16S rDNA序列分析,菌株G4-1、G9与疮痂病链霉菌S. scabiei的相似率分别达99.47%和99.34%,菌株NLG4-1、SYNT3与S. enissocaesilis的相似率分别达97.90%和98.18%,菌株GBH2与加利利链霉菌S. galilaeus的相似率达99.93%,菌株SYN13与S. turgidiscabies的相似率达97.56%,表明西北地区马铃薯疮痂病病原菌至少存在4个种。     

大气环流指数和地面气象要素对海南省橡胶树白粉病的影响

为探讨大气环流指数和地面气象要素对海南省橡胶树白粉病病情指数的影响,利用1962—2009年逐月大气环流指数和逐日地面气象要素资料,根据橡胶树白粉病病情指数等级,结合因子膨化、相关分析和多元回归等方法,筛选影响橡胶树白粉病病情指数的大气环流指数和地面气象要素,构建等级指标,建立预测模型,并对模型进行检验。结果显示:影响橡胶树白粉病病情指数的大气环流指数依次为北半球副高面积指数、北半球副高强度指数、西太平洋副高西伸脊点、北美区极涡面积指数、亚洲区极涡强度指数和印缅槽,显著影响时段为上年7月至当年4月;地面气象要素有平均最高气温、相对湿度、平均气温≥20℃的日数、小雨日数和平均风速,显著影响时段为上年10月至当年1月;基于大气环流指数、地面气象要素、大气环流与地面气象综合因子的橡胶树白粉病病情指数预测模型准确率分别为74.3%～78.8%、74.7%、94.6%～98.3%,表明基于大气环流和地面气象综合因子的模型准确率较高,可作为海南省橡胶树白粉病的中长期预测模型。     

肥料减施下玉米-大豆间作对作物产量和昆虫群落组成及多样性的影响

为探究肥料减施下玉米-大豆间作对作物产量和昆虫群落组成及多样性的影响,在玉米、大豆单作及二者间作下施以标准肥料750 kg/hm~2和减半肥料375 kg/hm~2,于作物生长期调查田间昆虫群落组成及多样性,并在收获期对玉米和大豆进行测产。结果表明:与单作玉米相比,间作玉米在施用标准肥料下的百株生物量、百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著增加78.33%、85.35%和38.71%,而在施用减半肥料下则分别显著增加90.91%、135.73%和33.33%;相同种植模式下,与施用标准肥料相比,减半肥料使单作玉米百株籽粒重显著降低22.45%。与单作大豆相比,在施用标准肥料下,间作大豆的百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著降低49.47%和11.54%,在施用减半肥料下,间作大豆的百株生物量、百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著降低73.94%、50.51%和17.39%;相同种植模式下,与施用标准肥料相比,减半肥料使大豆在单作和间作下的百株籽粒重分别显著降低65.02%和65.73%,使间作下大豆的百株生物量和千粒重分别显著降低73.14%和17.39%。与单作相比,间作均显著降低了标准肥料和减半肥料处理下玉米和大豆害虫群落的物种数、多样性指数和均匀度指数,还显著降低了标准肥料和减半肥料处理下玉米天敌昆虫群落的物种数和优势度指数以及大豆天敌昆虫群落的物种数和均匀度指数。表明玉米-大豆间作能有效提高玉米产量,降低虫害发生,但对大豆生产不利,而间作条件下减施肥料对玉米产量的影响更小。建议在田间生产中可将夏玉米和大豆间作种植,更有利于通过生态学方法控制田间害虫发生和增加作物总体产量。     

魔芋软腐病病原菌TaqMan荧光探针PCR技术的建立及应用

为实现对田间土壤软腐病病原菌的定量检测,基于魔芋软腐病优势病原菌胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌胡萝卜亚种Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum的FyuA基因序列,设计特异性引物PCC1/PCC2/PCC3,建立TaqMan荧光探针实时荧光定量PCR技术,并对魔芋根系土壤中软腐病病原菌进行动态监测。结果显示:基于FyuA基因序列设计的引物特异性好,仅能特异性检出胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌胡萝卜亚种;当模拟带菌土壤中病原菌浓度低至1.88 CFU/g时也能检出,灵敏度高;发病魔芋根际土壤中软腐病病原菌检出率为100.00%,病原菌DNA浓度最高达到了7.52×10~7ng/μL,健康魔芋根际土壤中也存在病原菌,检出率为40.00%;不同种植模式中,林下魔芋土壤中软腐病病原菌数量较少;连作时间与病原菌数量、病情指数存在正相关关系,连作时间越长,病原菌积累越多,魔芋病情指数也越高,魔芋连作4年土壤中病原菌DNA浓度最高达到4.03×10~4ng/μL;对魔芋土壤软腐病病原菌进行全年监测,病原菌数量随着月份增长逐渐上升,在8—10月达到峰值543.20 ng/μL后下降,病原菌数量与魔芋病情指数变化规律一致,但田间魔芋软腐病的发生相对滞后。表明建立的TaqMan荧光探针实时荧光定量PCR技术可用于田间魔芋软腐病的监测。