水泡性口炎病毒人工感染小白鼠的组织学和免疫组织化学观察

水泡性口炎病毒（VSV）具有广泛的宿主范围，临床血清学调查发现，许多动物表现为血清阳性[1]，可以感染多种试验动物和禽类。感染动物大多数表现为阴性感染和持续性感染，本试验以小白鼠为攻毒对象，探讨VSV在体内的致病作用，进一步了解病毒在机体内的分布及其所引起的组织病理学变化。     

国内鹌鹑资源及其养殖现状和发展前景

介绍了关于野生鹌鹑遗传资源的种类、分布、迁徙规律以及被驯化后一些生活习性的改变和养殖现状,提出了我国在今后养殖鹌鹑产业中的机遇和挑战.     

鸡传染性喉气管炎油乳剂灭活疫苗的研究

分别将3株鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒(标准强毒株J株、山东分离株N株和L株)经甲醛灭活后制成油乳剂灭活疫苗。免疫效力试验结果表明，以N株鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒制备的油乳剂灭活疫苗免疫效果较其它几种疫苗好，免疫鸡AGP抗体阳性率高达83％，免疫保护率高达100％。     

限饲对肉鸡的影响

从上世纪20年代肉用仔鸡兴起至今已经过了80多年，这期间科研工作者和生产者无论从肉鸡的选育角度和饲养角度，都是单纯追求提高肉鸡的增重速度，这样虽然使肉用仔鸡的出场日龄大大提前，但肉鸡生长过快，也使肉鸡的体重迅速增长与骨骼、内脏器官发育缓慢之间的矛盾更加突出。肉鸡出现猝死症、腿部畸形和腹水症等疾病，     

鸽乳营养成分研究进展

与其它家禽相比，雏鸽的生长速度较快，这种快速生长是由双亲分泌的鸽乳引起的，鸽乳是一种主要由蛋白质和脂肪构成、在催乳素的刺激作用下生成的全浆分泌物。由于人们并未全面理解鸽乳使雏鸽超速生长的机理，因此加强鸽乳营养成分的研究，可促进人工鸽乳的配方研究，利用人工鸽乳可以使亲鸽从繁重的孵化和育雏任务中解脱出来，缩短种鸽的产蛋周期间隔，提高产蛋率，提高生产的经济效益，从而促进养鸽业的飞速发展。     

黄土丘陵区草本群落生物量空间分布格局及其影响因素

草地是干旱半干旱地区黄土高原植被组成的主体,而草本植物作为草地生态系统的优势群落,在黄土高原恢复植被和水土保持建设方面存在着不可替代的优势。因此本试验选取黄土丘陵区不同纬度下的草本群落为研究对象,分析草本群落地上、地下生物量的空间分布特征及其影响因素,同时并验证等速生长关系,以期为黄土丘陵区恢复植被、改善生态建设方面提供理论指导。结果表明:(1)在纬度梯度35.95°~38.36° N变化范围内,黄土丘陵区不同植被带草本群落地上生物量变化范围为54.60~204.32 g·m^-2,平均值156.968 g·m^-2,变异系数为27.83%;地下生物量变化范围为78.88~829.64 g·m^-2,平均值469.21 g·m^-2,变异系数为48.87%;草本群落地下/地上生物量变化范围为 0.93~4.49,平均值2.89,变异系数为39.18%。草本群落生物量(地下、地上)大小顺序均为:森林-草原带>草原带>森林带>草原-荒漠带,且地上、地下生物量随纬度梯度变化规律均呈现出“先增加后减少”的单峰型变化趋势。(2)草本群落地下与地上生物量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),决定系数达到0.59,且符合等速生长关系。(3)草本群落地下生物量与年均降水、年均温、土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量之间均呈显著相关。气候因子和土壤理化性质对地下生物量都具有重要影响作用,其影响机理还需进一步结合植物生物学和生理生态方面的综合研究才能做出准确结论。     

民国时期西北地区苜蓿栽培利用刍考

自汉代苜蓿引入我国以来,受到历朝历代的重视,民国时期亦不例外,苜蓿种植利用也得到了发展。在收集近现代有关苜蓿研究文献的基础上,对民国时期西北地区苜蓿种植利用情形进行了梳理与归纳,结果表明,在民国时期西北地区乃为我国苜蓿种植集中区,在陕西、甘肃、新疆、绥远(西部)、宁夏和青海等都有种植,据不完全考查,种植苜蓿的县有52个,其中以陕西最多,达22个县,甘肃次之为14个县,新疆为8个县,绥远(西部)为3个县,宁夏2县(道)和青海1个县。特别是陕甘宁边区发展苜蓿的势头高涨,如1942年边区政府在延安、安塞、甘泉、志丹、定边、靖边等县种植苜蓿达3万亩,陇东种植苜蓿2.3万亩;1944年延川县紫花苜蓿保留面积2.0万亩,到1949年,陕西全省种植苜蓿约98.49万亩。1949年新疆苜蓿保留面积达29300 hm²。绥远河套地区还进行了苜蓿粮草轮作,并建立了苜蓿种植基地。为了鼓励苜蓿种植,边区政府出台了不少政策,例如,1941年边区政府公布了《陕甘宁边区政府建设厅关于种牧草的指示信》,1942年边区政府颁布了《陕甘宁边区卅一年推广苜蓿实施办法》等,李仪祉在治理黄河的方略中,从大农业、生态环境和经济效益出发,提倡广种苜蓿,肥田养畜,并提出了4条种植苜蓿的措施。李烛尘提出,苜蓿根入土深,且能耐旱,适宜西北地区种植和培植草原。苜蓿除用于饲喂家畜外,幼嫩时可当蔬菜食用,在灾荒年也是百姓很好的救荒食物,苜蓿作为农产品常出现在兰州的市场上,试验表明苜蓿保存水土流失的作用要大于作物。     

我国明代苜蓿栽培利用刍考

苜蓿被《救荒本草》《本草纲目》《群芳谱》和《农政全书》以及明皇帝实录与方志等经典要籍所记载,充分体现了苜蓿在明代的重要性、研究的普遍性和种植的广泛性。本研究以记载明代苜蓿的相关典籍为基础,应用植物考据学原理和方法,结合现代研究成果,对明代苜蓿种植分布与状况、植物生态生物学特性、栽培管理和利用方式等进行尝试性研究考查。结果表明,明代在山西、陕西、河北、河南、山东、安徽、江苏、北京、甘肃和宁夏等省均有苜蓿种植,其中以“三晋为盛,秦、鲁次之,燕、赵又次之”。在苜蓿植物学、生态生物学研究方面成绩显著,对苜蓿植株形态、花色及其着生部位、荚果种子形状的精准描述已达到现代植物学的水准。同时,对苜蓿的轴根性也有一定的认识,记载其根的形态与黄芪的根相类似。在明代出现了紫花和黄花2种苜蓿的记载;主张苜蓿与荞麦混作,并利用苜蓿的肥田能力,将苜蓿纳入了轮作制度中;提倡7、8月种苜蓿,一年三刈,种子田一刈;苜蓿3年后生长进入旺盛期,7、8年后衰退垦去。在苜蓿饲用方面明代王象晋提出了最佳利用时期,即“苜蓿花时,刈取喂马牛,易肥健食”。同时,在苜蓿的食用、药用等方面人们利用得更加具体有效。此外,苜蓿还可做贡品。     

Drivers,challenges and opportunities of forage technology adoption by smallholder cattle households in Cambodia

Forage technology has been successfully introduced into smallholder cattle systems in Cambodia as an alternative feed source to the traditional rice straw and native pastures, improving animal nutrition and reducing labour requirements of feeding cattle. Previous research has highlighted the positive impacts of forage technology including improved growth rates of cattle and household time savings. However, further research is required to understand the drivers, challenges and opportunities of forage technology for smallholder cattle households in Cambodia to facilitate widespread adoption and identify areas for further improvement. A survey of forage-growing households (n = 40) in July–September 2016 examined forage technology adoption experiences, including reasons for forage establishment, use of inputs and labour requirements of forage plot maintenance and use of forages (feeding, fattening, sale of grass or seedlings and silage). Time savings was reported as the main driver of forage adoption with household members spending approximately 1 h per day maintaining forages and feeding it to cattle. Water availability was reported as the main challenge to this activity. A small number of households also reported lack of labour, lack of fencing, competition from natural grasses, cost of irrigation and lack of experience as challenges to forage growing. Cattle fattening and sale of cut forage grass and seedlings was not found to be a widespread activity by interviewed households, with 25 and 10% of households reporting use of forages for these activities, respectively. Currently, opportunities exist for these households to better utilise forages through expansion of forage plots and cattle activities, although assistance is required to support these households in addressing current constraints, particularly availability of water, if the sustainability of this feed technology for smallholder cattle household is to be established in Cambodia.     

Using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique to study threonine requirements in horses receiving a predominantly forage diet

Threonine has been reported to be the second limiting amino acid in typical equine diets, but its actual requirement has not been determined in horses. To evaluate amino acid metabolism and requirements, the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method has been successfully used in other species. The objective of this research was to estimate threonine requirements in mature horses fed timothy hay and concentrate in 4:1 ratio using the IAAO method. Six Thoroughbred mares (579.9 ± 46.7 kg) received each of 6 levels of threonine intake, 41, 51, 61, 70, 80 and 89 mg/kg BW/day, in a randomly determined order. Each study period was 7‐day long, and on day 6, blood samples were collected before and 90 min after feeding to measure amino acid concentrations using HPLC. On day 7, horses underwent IAAO procedures, which included a 2‐hr primed, constant intravenous infusion of [¹³C]sodium bicarbonate to measure total CO₂ production and a 4‐hr primed, constant oral administration of [1‐¹³C]phenylalanine to estimate phenylalanine oxidation to CO₂. Blood and breath samples were collected to measure blood [¹³C]phenylalanine, using GC‐MS analysis and breath ¹³CO₂ enrichment, using an infrared isotope analyser. Increasing threonine intake levels did not affect plasma phenylalanine oxidation by the ANOVA test (p > 0.05) but resulted in a linear decrease in phenylalanine oxidation (p = 0.04) without a breakpoint by the orthogonal linear contrast. This study is the first attempt to evaluate threonine requirements in horses by the IAAO method; however, threonine requirements are still unknown in mature horses at this time.