Decreasing but still high: bycatch of seabirds in gillnet fisheries along the German Baltic coast

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The first millimetre – rearing juvenile freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera L.) in plastic boxes

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Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) amino acid substitution Asp376Glu in Lolium perenne: effect on herbicide efficacy and plant growth

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Recently, the acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) amino acid substitution Asp376Glu was detected in a Lolium perenne population originating in France. This...     

Determination of the fate of C labelled maize and wheat rhizodeposit-C in two agricultural soils in a greenhouse experiment under C-CO2-enriched atmosphere

A deeper understanding of the contribution of carbon (C) released by plant roots (rhizodeposition) to soil organic matter (SOM) can help to increase our knowledge of global C-cycling. These insights can eventually lead to sustainable management of SOM especially in agricultural systems. This study was conducted to determine the fate of ¹³C labelled rhizodeposit-C of maize and wheat plants. They were grown in a greenhouse in permeable nylon bags filled with upper soil material from two agricultural soils of the same location, but with different crop yields. The bags were placed into pots, which were also filled with soil surrounding the bags. Soil inside the bags was considered as rhizosphere soil, wheras the one outside the bags represented bulk soil. The contributions of rhizodeposits to water extractable organic carbon (WEOC), microbial biomass-C (MB-C), CO₂-C evolution, and total organic carbon (C_org) were investigated during a 7-week growing period. The WEOC, MB-C, CO₂-C, C_org contents and the respective δ¹³C values were determined regularly, and a newly developed method for determining δ¹³C values in soil extracts was applied.In both soils, regardless of crop yield potential, significant incorporation of rhizodeposition-derived C was observed in the MB-C, CO₂-C, and C_org pool, but not in the WEOC. The pattern of C incorporation into the different pools was the same for both soils with both plants, and rhizodeposit-derived C was recovered in the order MB-C<C_org<CO₂-C. This showed that rhizodeposits were mainly respired, but since C_org was the second largest pool of the overall balances, they were also stabilized in the soils at least in the short term. It is suggested that the increased SOM mineralization observed in this study (positive priming effects) was probably induced by C exchange processes between the soil matrix and soluble rhizodeposits. Moreover, soluble rhizodeposit-C was detected in MB-C and CO₂-C evolved outside the direct root zone, showing the availability of these C-components in the bulk soil.     

Applied aspects of neonicotinoid uses in crop protection

Neonicotinoid insecticides comprise seven commercially marketed active ingredients: imidacloprid, acetamiprid, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, clothianidin and dinotefuran. The technical profiles and main differences between neonicotinoid insecticides, including their spectrum of efficacy, are described: use for vector control, systemic properties and versatile application forms, especially seed treatment. New formulations have been developed to optimize the bioavailability of neonicotinoids through improved rain fastness, better retention and spreading of the spray deposit on the leaf surface, combined with higher leaf penetration. Combined formulations with pyrethroids and other insecticides are also being developed with the aim of broadening the insecticidal spectrum of neonicotinoids and to replace WHO Class I products from older chemical classes. These innovative developments for life-cycle management, jointly with the introduction of generic products, will, within the next few years, turn neonicotinoids into the most important chemical class in crop protection.     

Effect of tannin extracts on protein degradation during ensiling of ryegrass or lucerne

Eleven laboratory‐scale trials were undertaken in different years where ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) or lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) were ensiled with different concentrations of tannin extracts (quebracho, Schinopsis balansae Engl., mimosa, Acacia mearnsii DE WILD.), and the effects on protein degradation were assessed. The dry‐matter (DM) content in grass silages ranged between 186 and 469 g/kg and in lucerne silages between 187 and 503 g/kg. Tannin extract, either quebracho or mimosa, was applied at 0–30 g/kg forage DM. Commercial additives such as Lactobacillus plantarum, formic acid or hexamine + NaNO₂ were applied in two of the grass trials and in six of the lucerne trials. Eight of the trials incorporated a maximum ensiling duration of 90 or 180 days in addition to replicates which were opened and evaluated at earlier stages. All trials included silages which were assessed after at least 49 days of anaerobic storage. The crude protein (CP) fraction A (non‐protein nitrogen, NPN) as proportion of total CP, served as the main indicator for proteolysis. In ryegrass, in general, the level of proteolysis was lower than in lucerne. A correlation of DM content in silages and degree of proteolysis was only evident for ryegrass. In both forages, the degradation of true protein slowed considerably after 24 days of ensiling. True protein was conserved most with the highest level of tannin extract addition. However, in lucerne, the combination of formate with lactobacilli was equally effective up to 330 g DM/kg, and deamination was further inhibited by formic acid compared to tannin extracts.     

Duckweed for Human Nutrition: No Cytotoxic and No Anti-Proliferative Effects on Human Cell Lines

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - Duckweeds (Lemnaceae) possess good qualitative and quantitative profiles of nutritional components for its use as human food. However, no studies have been...