The effect of inoculation of Rhizobium or Pseudomonas, or both, in the presence and absence of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) fertilizer on wheat yield was tested. The experiment was conducted outdoors in potted soil during two consecutive years under natural conditions. Rhizobial strain (Thal 8-chickpea nodulating bacteria) and Pseudomonas strain (54RB), both indigenous P solubilizers were applied in broth culture at seedling stage. Fertilizer in the form of P2O5 was an additional treatment applied at sowing time. Results revealed that inoculation of Pseudomonas strain in presence of phosphorus (P) fertilizer increased yield up to 41.8% when it was compared with only P fertilizer applied. Co-inoculation of Rhizobium and Pseudomonas strains with the P2O5 treatment however resulted in increased grains yield by 10% over the P2O5 treatment alone. It is inferred that inoculation with Rhizobium and Pseudomonas combined with P2O5 is not only environmentally beneficial but also economically sound and productive, with wheat yield increases of 10% to 42%. 相似文献
This paper presents the results of modelsimulations to evaluate drainage designparameters for the Fourth Drainage Project(FDP), Punjab, Pakistan. The SWAP model wasapplied to compute the effects of landdrainage (12 combinations of drain depthand spacing) on soil moisture conditions inthe root zone and their effect on cropyield and soil salinization. For theconditions considered, the selection ofdrain depth is found to be more criticalthan that of drain spacing. Deeper drainsperform technically better in relation tocrop growth and soil salinization. Theoptimum drain depth for the multiplecropping system of the FDP-area was foundto be 2.2 m. This drain depth will producereasonably good crop yields at rather lowdrainage intensity while keeping the rootzone salinity within acceptable limits.This drainage design also maintained thegroundwater table depth below the root zonethroughout the growing season. The outcomeof this study reveals that the drainagedesign criteria applied for the FDP israther conservative with high drainageintensity. The FDP-area can effectively bedrained with a 25 percent lower drainageintensity (qdrain/h)provided no operational or maintenanceconstraints are present. However, the finaldecision on the optimum combination ofdrain depth and drain spacing would requirea thorough economical analysis. Thenon-steady state approach proved successfulin analyzing the complex interactionsbetween irrigation and drainage components.It is a valuable tool to optimize thedesign of drainage systems against cropyields and soil salinization. 相似文献
Six ewe genotypes, generated by mating Coopworth (C), Polypay (P), and Suffolk (S) rams to Polypay and Coopworth-type (Ct) ewes, were exposed to Hampshire rams for spring lambing from 1986 through 1990. Data from 1,092 exposures and 1,044 resultant lambings were used to analyze reproductive traits and lamb growth rates. Overall conception rate averaged 95% and ranged from 93% for S x Ct ewes to 97% for P x Ct ewes. Mean litter size at birth averaged 1.63 and ranged from 1.45 for C x C ewes to 1.75 for S x P ewes. Ewes from P dams had higher mean litter size (P less than .01) than those from Ct dams (1.73 vs 1.54), but differences between sire breeds were not significant. Incidence of lambing assistance was similar for ewes producing single or multiple lambs. Lamb birth weight influenced the level of assistance rendered to single-bearing but not to multiple-bearing ewes. Lambing assistance was not related to lamb survival, probably because the high surveillance level minimized trauma before assistance was rendered. Incidence of required assistance declined over subsequent parities. Lamb birth weights were affected by ewe genotype and increased with increasing ewe age. Survival of single-born lambs averaged 94% and was not affected by dam genotype. Survival of twins averaged 85%, ranging from 79% for lambs from S x Ct ewes to 89% for lambs from P x P ewes. Suffolk-sired ewes produced the heaviest mean birth and weaning weights for both singles and twins. Coopworth-sired ewes weaned heavier single lambs but lighter twins than P-sired ewes. 相似文献
Six ewe genotypes, generated by mating Coopworth (C), Polypay (P), and Suffolk (S) rams to P and Coopworth-type (Ct) ewes, were exposed to Hampshire rams for spring lambing from 1987 through 1990. Data from 1,013 exposures and 973 resultant lambings were used to analyze reproductive traits and cumulative ewe productivity over 4 yr. Ewe body and fleece weights were also analyzed. Ewes from S sires weaned the heaviest lambs and ewes from P sires weaned the largest number of lambs, resulting in similar total weight of lamb weaned per ewe mated. Coopworth-sired ewes weaned the least total weight of lamb per ewe mated. Ewes weaning twins produced 54% more total litter weight per ewe than those weaning singles. Annual ewe survival averaged 95%, ranging from 93% for S x P and C x P ewes to 97% for P x Ct and C x Ct ewes. When cumulative number and weight of lamb produced was assessed on the basis of all ewes starting the trial, P-sired ewes were highest, followed in order by daughters of S and C sires. Suffolk-sired ewes (67 kg) were 13% heavier than daughters of P rams and 19% heavier than daughters of C rams. Adjustment of lamb production for ewe metabolic body size resulted in C-sired ewes being more efficient than the heavier S-sired ewes. Coopworth-sired ewes produced 32% more wool than ewes sired by the other two breeds. Differences in wool production between ewes weaning one or two lambs were small.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
This experiment was conducted to study the effects of foliar application of silicon, sulfur, and flowering fruit set biostimulant on canola in the farmer’s condition in Darzian, 12?km from Marivan city in the northwest of Iran. The experimental layout was designed as a split-split plot in a randomized complete-block design, with three replications during two consecutive growing seasons, 2017–18 and 2018–19. The main factor included silicon application at two levels: control (0: non-application) and silicon application at 2?kg ha?1. Sub-factor was sulfur spraying at three levels (0, 1, and 2?L ha?1) and sub-sub-factor was Tecamin flower (Agri Tecno Fertilizantes, Valencia, Spain) spraying as a flowering fruit set biostimulant at three levels (0, 1, and 2?L ha?1). The results of the combined analysis showed that the number of grains per pod and biomass were increased significantly at the 1% level by silicon application. Sulfur application improved 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and biomass. This increase was 7.42% for grain yield. Tecamin also significantly increased all traits, including fertile and infertile pod numbers, grain number per pod, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and biomass. As the most important economic traits, Tecamin increased grain yield by 14.12% compared to controls. Among the treatments, the effect of Tecamin on increasing grain yield was superior. In this experiment, some traits were significantly affected by interaction effects of treatments.
Information regarding the evaluation of tillage effects on soil properties and rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars of Iranian fields is not available. Therefore, this research was conducted in Sanandaj (west of Iran) using a randomized complete block design in a split-plot arrangement. Three types of tillage including conventional tillage (moldboard plow to soil depth of 30 cm plus disk harrow twice), minimum tillage (chisel plow to soil depth of 15 cm plus disk harrow once) and no-tillage are assigned to the main plots. Wheat cultivars (Sardari and Azar2) were randomly distributed within the subplots in each tillage system. Results showed that the greatest bulk density and cone index were found in the minimum tillage and no tillage systems. The highest rate of grain yield was obtained in the minimum tillage system. The grain yield of Sardari cultivar (1624.1 kg ha?1) was significantly greater than that of Azar2 (1572 kg ha?1). Minimum tillage improved soil physical properties and wheat growth compared with the other tillage systems. No tillage increased microbial biomass carbon and bacteria number in soil compared with the other tillage systems. We conclude that using minimum tillage for Sardari cultivar will be more effective compared with other treatments. 相似文献
Abstract The humic substances contained in an animal organic waste were extracted and the total extract separated into three humic fractions with different molecular weights (low, F1 <103; medium, F2, with molecular weights ranging from 103 to 104; and high, F3 >104). The C content was highest in F2, the same fraction also showing the lowest N content. The molecular weight of the humic fractions influenced the electrical conductivity, the highest molecular weight resulting in the lowest degree of electrical conductivity. Membrane-controlled ultrafiltra-tion (the method used to separate the various fractions from the whole extract) was also suitable for purifying such enzymes as phosphatase and β-glucosidase: the total activity obtained from the three fractions was considerably greater than that determined in the whole extract, Pyrolysis-gas chromatography (Py-GC) applied to the whole extract and humic fractions showed that in the F3 fraction (highest molecular weight) benzene was the major fragment while furfural was the major fragment of F1 (lowest molecular weight). For this reason, the humification index benzene/toluene indicates that the fraction with the highest molecular weight was the most humified while the furfural/pyrrole ratio indicates that the fraction with the lowest molecular weight was the most degradable. The whole extract and the fraction F1 had a negative effect on seed germination when the concentration was equivalent to 100 mg kg?1 of C, while the germination index was higher than that of the control when only 10 mg kg?1 were used. The F2 fraction had a positive effect on germination regardless of the concentration used. When 10 mg kg?1 of C of the humic substances studied were added to the nutrient solution for growth experiments with maize plants, F3 led to increases in root weight and F2 led to increases in shoot weight. An inhibitor effect was observed for fraction F1. 相似文献
Fish Physiology and Biochemistry - The applications of exogenous hormones in different species for the induction of oocyte production, final oocyte maturation (FOM), and spawning for their... 相似文献
The present study deals with the effects of addition of sulfur along with other acidifying agents for their ability to lower and maintain the pH in a given range for a longer period of time. The chemicals were subjected to batch test individually and in combinations. Treatments were applied to three soils of different textures: sandy clay loam, clay loam, and silt loam. A 1:1 soil/water paste along with the added amendment was maintained at room temperature for 2 months. Most of the chemical treatments lowered the pH significantly. Combinations containing S/Al2(SO4)3/H2SO4, S/Al2(SO4)3/H2O2, and S/H2O2/H2SO4 were found to be very effective in lowering the pH. The soil pH remained acidic for 2 months, indicating the suitability of chemically amended soil for the plantations requiring acidic soil pH. 相似文献