Pedotransfer functions to assess adsorbed phosphate using iron oxide content and magnetic susceptibility in an Oxisol

Adsorbed phosphate in soils can be chemically extracted; however, this process is both time‐consuming and not cost‐effective if large numbers of samples have to be analysed. Indirect assessment of adsorbed phosphate by pedotransfer functions (PTFs) can help optimize fertilizer strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of adsorbed phosphate (P_ads), iron oxides and magnetic susceptibility (MS) in oxisols and to calibrate PTFs to predict P_ads. A total of 308 soil samples were collected from Hapludox and Eutrudox soils formed from sandstone in Brazil. The contents of clay (196–607 g/kg), iron oxides (40–165 g/kg), MS (1.2–29 × 10^?6 m³/kg) and P_ads (327–842 mg/kg) were in the range of typical values for these highly weathered soils. This study showed that the attributes studied were spatially dependent. Geomorphic surfaces enabled understanding of spatial variability and helped to develop a more efficient sampling scheme to calibrate PTFs. Moreover, the adsorbed phosphate in these oxisols could be predicted by a PTF using iron oxides and MS as predictors. The MS attribute enabled the most accurate prediction (concordance coefficient = 0.95, root‐mean‐square error = 46 mg/kg and relative improvement in root‐mean‐square error = ?4.12) of spatial variability through PTF compared to other predictors.     

鸡白细胞介素-2研究进展

白细胞介素－2（interleukin-2,IL-2)主要是由激活的T淋巴细胞产生的一类重要的细胞因子，具有激活淋巴因子活化的杀伤细胞（LAK）和自然杀伤细胞，刺激T辅助细胞和自然杀伤细胞产生细胞因子和促进细胞因子的繁殖以及刺激γδT细胞在体外生长等功能，因此它是免疫学研究的热点。近年来鸡IL－2基因克隆成功，使鸡IL－2的研究及应用得到一定的发展，同时也使鸡IL－2作为免疫佐剂和构建新型的基因工程疫苗呈现出一定的应用前景，本文主要对鸡IL－2研究取得的进展作一综述。     

空间诱变甜椒M3代果实营养品质的变异分析

试验结果表明:空间诱变甜椒的3个营养品质性状(果实维生素C含量、可溶性固形物含量和糖酸比)在M3代的变异趋于稳定,株系内的株间变异均小于株系间变异,果实维生素C含量和糖酸比在群间的差异不显著,可溶性固形物含量在群间的差异显著;维生素C含量与可溶性固形物含量呈极显著正相关,与糖酸比呈极显著负相关,可溶性固形物含量与糖酸比呈显著正相关。宜筛选单株果实维生素C含量高、可溶性固形物含量和糖酸比适中的株系。优选的株系为A6、A7、C7、B2、B6、B1、A5、C5、B7、C4、A3、B5、A4和C6。     

Evaluation of the temporal distribution of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium graminearum</Emphasis> airborne inoculum above the wheat canopy and its relationship with Fusarium head blight and DON concentration

With the aim of unravelling the role of airborne Fusarium graminearum inoculum in the epidemic of Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by this species in wheat spikes, a network of Burkard air samplers was set up in five wheat fields distributed in Belgium from 2011 to 2013. Each year from April to July, the daily amounts of F. graminearum inoculum above the wheat canopy were quantified using a newly developed TaqMan qPCR assay. The pattern of spore trapping observed was drastically different per year and per location with a frequency of detection between 9 and 66% and a mean daily concentration between 0.8 and 10.2 conidia-equivalent/m³. In one location, air was sampled for a whole year. Inoculum was frequently detected from the wheat stem elongation stage until the end of the harvesting period, but high inoculum levels were also observed during the fall. Using a window-pane analysis, different periods of time around wheat flowering (varying in length and starting date) were investigated for their importance in the relation between airborne inoculum and FHB parameters (FHB severity, frequency of F. graminearum infection and DON). For almost all the combinations of variables, strong and significant correlations were found for multiple window lengths and starting times. Inoculum quantities trapped around flowering were highly correlated with F. graminearum infection (up to R?=?0.84) and DON (up to R?=?0.9). Frequencies of detection were also well correlated with both of these parameters. DON concentrations at harvest could even be significantly associated with the F. graminearum inoculum trapped during periods finishing before the beginning of the anthesis (R?=?0.77). Overall, these results highlight the key role of the airborne inoculum in F. graminearum epidemics and underline the importance of monitoring it for the development of disease forecasting tools.     

表位疫苗研究进展

表位疫苗是近年来发展起来的一种新型疫苗,相对传统疫苗,拥有较多优势。表位疫苗设计的关键是筛选表位,表位的筛选包括蛋白质降解法、肽探针扫描技术、随机肽库技术、计算机表位预测。表位疫苗需要借助一定的载体才能发挥免疫作用,包括脂质载体、蛋白载体、佐剂等。目前国内外学者还采用多种方法如串联重复、MAP空间模式及表位修饰等方法增强表位疫苗的免疫效果。表位疫苗主要包括病毒表位疫苗、细菌表位疫苗和寄生虫表位疫苗。尽管表位疫苗的研究发展迅速,但仍然面临一些问题亟待解决。     

法氏囊超滤液提高仔猪日增重作用的研究

用法氏囊超滤液 (相对分子质量为 1 0 0 0以下 )以不同剂量分 2次间隔 2周免疫断乳仔猪 ,比较各试验组与对照组在日增重、料重比方面的差异。结果表明 :免疫组猪的饲料转化率、日增重显著高于对照组。此外 ,低剂量组 (1mg/头 ,2 5mg/头 )的日增重明显高于高剂量组(5mg/头 ,2 5mg/头 ) ,但料重比则明显低于高剂量组。免疫剂量为 2 5mg/头时 ,促进仔猪生长发育的效果最明显。     

高含沙水流水轮机转轮的改型与抗磨蚀研究

进行高含沙水流水轮机转轮的改型研究，关键是要从正确确定转轮设计参数和轴面流道型式入手，根据三维水力设计理论，考虑导叶与转轮匹配关系进行叶型设计，针对不同破坏机理选择强磨蚀区采用金属喷涂或非金属保护等综合措施，使水轮机在高舍沙水流中运行时出力增加、抗磨蚀能力提高。     

Effect of host factors on the susceptibility of Rhododendron to Phytophthora ramorum

Phytophthora ramorum causes sudden oak death (SOD) in western coastal forests of the USA. In Europe, the pathogen is mainly present in the nursery industry, particularly on Rhododendron. Because of the primary role of Rhododendron as a host and potentially as a vector, the effect of Rhododendron host factors on P. ramorum susceptibility and sporulation was investigated. Inoculation methods using either wounded or non‐wounded detached leaves were applied to 59 Rhododendron cultivars and 22 botanical species, replicated in three separate years. All Rhododendron species and cultivars were susceptible when using wounded leaves, but not when using non‐wounded leaves, suggesting a resistance mechanism operating at the level of leaf penetration. Using a regression tree analysis, the cultivars and species were split into four susceptibility classes. Young leaves were more susceptible than mature leaves when wounded, but less susceptible when non‐wounded. This effect was not correlated with leaf hydrophobicity or the number of leaf hairs. The presence or the type of rootstock did not affect the cultivar susceptibility level. Sporangia and chlamydospore production in the leaf lesions varied widely among Rhododendron cultivars and was not correlated with the susceptibility level. The susceptibility to P. ramorum correlated well with the susceptibility to P. citricola and P. hedraiandra × cactorum, suggesting that the resistance mechanisms against these species are non‐specific. Susceptibility to P. kernoviae was low for most cultivars. These findings have implications for detection, spread and disease control, and are therefore important in pest risk assessment.     

A light and scanning-electron microscopic study of infection of tomato plants by virulent and avirulent races of Cladosporium fulvum

Infection of tomato plants byCladosporium fulvum Cooke was studied using light and scanning-electron microscopy. Races 1.2.3 and 4 ofCladosporium fulvum were used, whereas tomato cultivars, carrying the Cf2 gene (susceptible to race 1.2.3 and immune to race 4) and the Cf4 gene (immune to race 1.2.3 and susceptible to race 4) served as differentials. No differences were observed in growth between compatible and incompatible combinations during germination, subsequent formation of runner hyphae and stomatal penetration. Runner hyphae did not show directional growth towards stomata. Penetration usually occurred on the third or fourth day after inoculation. In compatible combinations the fungus grew intercellularly, often in close contact with spongy mesophyll cells. Under optimal conditions it did not cause visible damage to plant cells during early stages of infection. Under suboptimal conditions in winter, the host cells often reacted with callose deposition, but growth of the fungus did not appear to be inhibited. Ten to twelve days after inoculation conidiophores emerged through the stomata and produced conidia. In incompatible combinations fungal growth was arrested one to two days after penetration and confined to stomata and surrounding cells. Very soon the host cells, in contact with the fungus, deposited extensive amounts of callose. Later these cells turned brown and collapsed. At the surface of the host cells, contacted by fungal hyphae, abundant extracellular material could be observed by scanning-electron microscopy. Removing the epidermis of leaves before inoculation delayed the resistant response. On stripped leaves the rate of fungal growth was equal for both interactions up to ten days after inoculation, but the incompatible combination lacked sporulation.