Fluorine-containing intermediates for pesticides

Compounds containing fluoro- or fluoroalkyl-substituents often show interesting biological activities. However, the high cost of introducing fluorine into a molecule may make the manufacture of a compound with excellent biological activity too expensive for commercial viability. The cheapest source of fluorine is hydrogen fluoride but most fluorine substitution reactions described in the literature make use of alkali metal fluorides which, although more convenient to handle in the laboratory, are much more expensive. This paper describes the use of hydrogen fluoride in new synthetic routes to a number of intermediates for the manufacture of commercially useful pesticides. These include compounds containing the dichlorofluoromethylsulphenyl radical, derivatives of perfluoro-2,5-diazahexa-2,4-diene, various aromatic fluoro compounds and some fluorinated benzodioxoles and benzodioxenes.     

Beiträge zur Bekämpfung und Begutachtung der Dörrobstmotte (Plodia interpunctella) und der Kakaomotte (Ephestia elutella)

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Alkaline sulfite–anthraquinone (AS/AQ) pulping of wheat straw and totally chlorine free (TCF) bleaching of pulps

Alkaline sulfite–anthraquinone (AS/AQ) pulping of wheat straw and totally chlorine free (TCF) bleaching of resulting pulps was investigated. Wheat straw was supplied by the Ferdosii University Experimental Station in Northeastern Iran, cleaned and chopped into about 3–5 cm long pieces. In the AS/AQ pulping experiments, the active alkali charge on oven dry wheat straw, heating time to maximum cooking temperature, AQ dose and liquor to straw ratio were kept constant at 16%, 60 min, 0.1% and 4/1, respectively. The alkali ratio, Na₂SO₃/NaOH, calculated as NaOH, was varied from 20/80 to 80/20. Cooking time at maximum temperature was varied from 30 to 90 min and maximum cooking temperature was adjusted between 152 and 160 °C. Reference soda and soda/AQ pulps were produced.AS/AQ and soda/AQ pulps with kappa numbers below 15 were produced easily. Cooking of corresponding soda pulps under comparable conditions stopped at a kappa number of 25. The characteristics of unbleached AS/AQ, soda/AQ and soda pulps were compared. AS/AQ and soda/AQ pulps had similar tensile strength but tear was in favor to AS/AQ. The latter had much higher yield and brightness.TCF bleaching of AS/AQ pulp was performed in O Q (OP) or O Q (OP) P sequences. Oxygen delignification (O) resulted in a delignification degree of approximately one third. Followed by a chelating treatment (Q) and a subsequent (OP) stage under drastic conditions a brightness of 82.7% ISO was achieved in an O Q (OP) sequence. The sequence O Q (OP) P, with 2% H₂O₂ in the final P stage, improved brightness from 77.2% ISO after the OP stage to 83.6% ISO. Bleaching led to only small losses in tensile and burst strength but enhanced tear strength. Short beating in a Jokro mill was sufficient to attain good pulp strength. The results of this study indicate that AS/AQ pulping and TCF bleaching is a convincing alternative to produce high-quality pulp from wheat straw for writing and printing paper.     

III. Buchbesprechungen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

A preliminary trial of the sedation induced by intranasal administration of midazolam alone or in combination with dexmedetomidine and reversal by atipamezole for a short‐term immobilization in pigeons

ObjectiveTo assess the sedative and immobilization effect of intranasal administration (INS) of midazolam (MID) without or with INS dexmedetomidine (DXM), and some physiological changes induced by the drugs. The ability of INS atipamezole to reverse the DXM component was also assessed.Study designProspective ‘blinded’ experimental study.AnimalsIn total, 15 pigeons.MethodsPigeons were sedated by INS MID alone at a dose of 5 mg kg⁻¹ (group MID, n = 6) or in combination with INS DXM at a dose 80 μg kg⁻¹ (group MID-DXM, n = 6). Measurements were made of heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f_R) and cloacal temperature (CT). The degree of sedation was assessed at 15 minutes prior to, immediately after, and at intervals until 100 minutes after drug administrations. Following MID-DXM, INS atipamezole (250 μg kg⁻¹) was administered and the same indices measured 5 and 10 minutes later.ResultsMID had no effect on HR and f_R, and although CT decreased, it remained within physiological range. MID-DXM caused significant falls in HR, f_R and CT that persisted until the end of sedation. Atipamezole antagonized sedation and cardiorespiratory side effects of MID-DXM within 10 minutes of application. In addition, for MID compared to MID-DXM, the lowest sedation scores [10 (7–14) and 10.5 (5–14) versus 2 (1–4) and 2 (1–5)] were achieved in the 10th and 20th minute versus the 20th and 30th minute of the sedation, respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMID alone, given INS had minimal side effects on vital functions but caused inadequate immobilization of pigeons for restraint in dorsal recumbency. MID-DXM caused an effective degree of immobilization from 20 to 30 minutes after administration, at which time birds tolerated postural changes without resistance. Atipamezole antagonized both side effects and sedation, but complete recovery had not occurred within 10 minutes after its application.     

Genetische Ressourcen der Kulturpflanzen im alpinen Raum

Zusammenfassung Die Kulturpflanzenevolution im alpinen Raum ist durch drei Faktoren geprägt, durch klimatische, geologisch-landschaftsmorphologische und geschichtliche. Die Aufgliederung in cine Vielzahl von ökologischen Nischen, in denen verdrängte Arten und Varietäten überleben konnten, mußte zwangsläufig zu einer bestimmten Formenanreicherung führen. Ihr stcht aber ein scharfer natürlicher Selektionsdruck einschränkend entgegen, der mit fortschreitender Höhenlage stärker wird. Er bestimmt letztlich das Ausschen der Populationen und läßt allfällige Zufallsfaktoren bei beginnender Einnischung und kleiner werdenden Populationsgrößen in den Hintergrund treten. Darin liegt die Ursache, daß mit zunehmender Höhenlage die Populationen uniformer werden, die umgekehrt im Flachland die größte Variabilität aufweisen.Die Kulturpflanzenarten, Varietäten und Sorten sind einem ständigen Bewegungsprozeß unterworfen, bedingt durch das Streben des Menschen, Leistung, Qualität, Aussehen, usw., zu verbessern. Die Suche nach Neuem birgt stets die Möglichkeit in sich, daß ein besseres Sortiment das altbewährte verdrängt. Ist eine Sorte ausreichend adaptierfähig und bringt sie eine Verbesserung mit sich, wird sie sich schrittweise — das alte Sortiment vor sich herschiebend — bis in die Alpentäler ausbreiten. Die Frage, wieviele Arten und Varietäten auf diese Weise ins Land gelangten, bleibt unbeantwortet. Jedenfalls waren es nur wenige, die diesem Verdrängungsprozeß haben standhalten können und bis heute erhalten geblieben sind.Wenn wir im Rückzugsgebiet der Alpen eine Formenanhäufung finden, die historisch betrachtet einen Abriß des Widerstandsfähigsten aus den letzten Jahrhunderten darstellt, ist dieser Formenreichtum doch bescheiden im Vergleich zu dem eines Genzentrums. Besteht hier das entscheidende evolutionsmotorische Moment darin, daß neu entstandene Formen auch eine entsprechende Überlebens-und Fortpflanzungschance besitzen, wirkt der scharfe Selektionsdruck der Alpen einer solchen Mannigfaltigkeit entgegen und wird stets in genotypische wie phänotypische Uniformität münden.

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Crop genetic ressources in the alps

Summary The evolution of cultivated plants in the area of the Alps is especially influenced by climatical, geological-orographical and historical factors. The available abundance of ecological niches providing chances for the survival of otherwise displaced species and varieties, consequently led to a certain increase of diversity. It is counteracted by strong natural selection pressures increasing with progressive altitudes. These selection pressures ultimately determine the composition of the populations and predominate over coincidental factors during the first phases of annidation connected with descreasing population size. That causes an increasing uniformity of the populations in higher altitudes whereas in the lowlands the highest diversity can be found.Due to human efforts in improving yields, quality, appearance, etc., of cultivated species, varieties and cultivars, they are subject to a permanent evolutionary process. The search for new material always includes the possibility that better accessions displace the well-known old ones. If a variety is sufficiently adaptable and shows improved characters, it will proceed step by step, — pushing the old accessions ahead of it — into the valleys of the Alps. How many species and varieties were introduced in this way is a question which cannot be answered. Anyway, only a few varieties could resist this displacing process and are in existance still today.Though we can find a certain amount of variation in the refugial area of the Alps, which, as seen from the historical standpoint of view, represents a part of the most resistant races from the last few centuries, this variation is relatively low in comparison with that of a gene center. In a gene center the decisive evolutionary mechanisms result in the maintaining of newly evolved forms whereas the strong selection pressures of the Alps counteract a high variability and will always lead to genotypical and phenotypical uniformity.

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Organochlorine and Metal Accumulation in Fish (Phoxinus phoxinus) Along a North-South Transect in the Alps

Southern populations of the European minnow fromremote oligotrophic mountain lakes along an Alpinenorth-south transect accumulated more p,p DDE andPCBs than northern populations. As these semi-volatileorganochlorines predominantly evaporate in warmcountries, higher rates of condensation (deposition)are assumed to occur in the southern slopes of theAlps. The higher accumulation of lead and cadmium insouthern population is rather attributed to geogenicand specific environmental impacts than to atmosphericdeposition. Increasing liver ratios of [glutathionedisulfide]/[glutathione], a potential indicator foroxidative stress, from north to south reflect thegenerally higher toxic load at remote sites at thesouthern edge of the Alps. However, histopathologicalchanges in the liver did not correlate withaccumulated toxicants indicating that deposition doesnot lead to severe lesions but induces specificmechanisms for detoxification.