植物激素及生长调节剂浸种对龙须草发芽和出苗的影响

本文报导了用7种常用植物激素和生长调节剂浸种对龙须草(Eulaliopsisbiuaia Retz)种子发芽与出苗的影响。结果表明:众药剂中仅爱多收1500～3000倍对出苗有显著作用(P<0.05);发苗灵100～200倍及KH_2PO_4500倍位居其次,但效果经统计分析不显著。KH_2PO_4与爱多收并用可能会有增效作用,有待进一步研究。     

猪脑垂体基因文库构建和促卵泡激素基因克隆的筛选

用甘油分级梯度离心法纯化噬菌体入EMBL_4,将纯化的EMBL_4DNA用BamHI/SaLI双酶切。用蛋白酶K及SDS法提取猪大分子DNA,Sau 3A部分酶切,将15-20Kb的“目的”DNA片段与载体连接,体外包装成噬菌体,构建了猪的基因文库。所得重组子值为1.38×10~6pfu,超过了建库要求的理论值,将基因文库DNA分成十份,用~(32)P标记合成的促卵泡激素基因寡核酸探针进行分子杂交,筛选出强杂交组分,进一步从强杂交组分中筛选出了几个阳性克隆。     

菜籽粕中芥子酸和硫甙对异育银鲫生长和生理机能的影响

使用含“双高”菜籽粕 (硫甙和芥子酸含量分别为 1 8 9g·kg-1 和 0 2 1g·kg-1 )和“双低”菜籽粕 (硫甙和芥子酸含量分别为 3 2 5g·kg-1 和 0 0 5g·kg-1 )的饲料喂养异育银鲫 ,探讨菜籽粕中硫甙和芥子酸两种毒物对异育银鲫的生理机能和生长速度的影响。供试验鱼 1 2 0尾 ,平分为 4组 ,Ⅰ组 (对照组 )饲喂含 4 5 %“双高”菜籽粕的饲料 ,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别饲喂含“双高” 30 %和“双低” 1 5 %、“双高” 1 5 %和“双低” 30 %、“双低” 4 5 %菜籽粕的饲料。经 4 0d饲养表明 ,随“双低”菜籽粕比例增高 ,鱼类增重率和饲料效率明显提高 ,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组的增重率分别比对照组提高 35 5 4 %、5 2 98%和 6 5 1 7% ,饲料效率分别提高 4 3 0 1 %、 4 5 31 %和 6 0 33% ,均达显著差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,但Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组之间的饲料效率和增重率均无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 )。在肝体比方面各组间差异显著 (P <0 0 5 ) ,并且这种差异与性别相关。随着硫甙和芥子酸含量增加 ,鱼类耐低氧能力也有所下降     

Water absorption of boron-treated and heat-modified wood

Heat treatments change the chemical and physical properties of wood and dimensional stability and hygroscopicity are affected as a result of modifications of wood cell components. This study evaluated the water absorption of wood specimens treated with boron compounds followed by heat treatment. Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) sapwood specimens treated with either boric acid (BA) or disodium octoborate tetrahydrate (DOT) solutions were heat-modified at either 180° or 220°C for 2 or 4 h. Carbohydrate composition and water absorption of the specimens were then measured and compared with those of untreated and unheated specimens. Wood carbohydrates were significantly degraded in the specimens after heat treatment. The heat treatment evidently decreased the water absorption and the heat-modified specimens absorbed less water than unheated specimens. The higher the treatment temperature and the longer the treatment time, the lower the amount of absorbed water. The boron-treated and heat-modified specimens, however, showed increased water absorption due to the hygroscopic properties of BA and DOT.     

Effects of different supplements on tetraploid black locust (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Robinia pseudoacacia</Emphasis> L.) silage

Preparation of silage is a common method to preserve green forage. It plays an important role in improving forage utilization,     

CRISPR-Cas Technology in Plant Science

CRISPR-Cas technology has raised considerable interest among plant scientists, both in basic science and in plant breeding. Presently, the generation of random mutations at a predetermined site of the genome is well mastered, just like the targeted insertion of transgenes, although both remain restricted to species or genotypes amenable for plant transformation. On the other hand, true genome editing, i.e. the deliberate replacement of one or several nucleotides of the genome in a predetermined fashion, is limited to some rather particular examples that generally concern genes allowing positive selection, for example tolerance to herbicides. Therefore, further technological developments are necessary to fully exploit the potential of genome editing in enlarging the gene pool beyond the natural variability available in a given species. In principle, the technology can be applied to any quality related, agronomical or ecological trait, under the condition of upstream knowledge on the genes to be targeted and the precise modifications necessary to improve alleles. Published proof of concepts concern a wide range of agronomical traits, the most frequent being disease resistance, herbicide tolerance and the biochemical composition of harvested products. The regulatory status of the plants obtained by CRISPR-Cas technology raises numerous questions, in particular with regard to the plants that carry in their genomes the punctual modifications caused by the presence of the Cas9 nuclease but not the nuclease itself. Without clarification by the competent authorities, CRISPR-Cas technology would continue to be a powerful tool in functional genomics, but its potential in plant breeding would remain untapped.     

Seasonal Changes of Shoot Carbohydrates and Growth Characteristics of ‘Trakya İlkeren’ Grape Variety (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> L.)

This research was conducted to determine the changes in the seasonal carbohydrates of annual shoots and growth characteristics of 10 years old ‘Trakya ?lkeren’ grape variety. Grapevines are grafted on 5BB and 5C rootstocks and they were grown in heavy clay soil conditions. In the study, changes of sugar, starch and total carbohydrates were determined from bud burst to dormancy. While sugar, starch and total carbohydrates showed significant differences (P < 0.01) there were no differences between rootstocks. Although sugar, starch and total carbohydrates of shoots decreased from bud burst to blooming, they increased thereafter until vegetative growth stopped. Total carbohydrates of annual shoots have been found to accumulate in period from blooming to harvest. Total and mean leaf area, shoot length and diameter, total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a/b ratio showed significantly variation among rootstocks and phenological stages (P < 0.01). Whereas the highest chlorophyll contents were found in the blooming, it was found at the lowest through to harvest. Overall mean and total leaf area, shoot length and shoot diameter, total chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/b ratio were significantly higher on 5BB grafted vines. In the study, 5BB rootstocks are found suitable in terms of shoot carbohydrate accumulation and growth characteristics for ‘Trakya ?lkeren’ grape variety.     

Multi-model comparison on the effects of climate change on tree species in the eastern U.S.: results from an enhanced niche model and process-based ecosystem and landscape models

Context

Species distribution models (SDM) establish statistical relationships between the current distribution of species and key attributes whereas process-based models simulate ecosystem and tree species dynamics based on representations of physical and biological processes. TreeAtlas, which uses DISTRIB SDM, and Linkages and LANDIS PRO, process-based ecosystem and landscape models, respectively, were used concurrently on four regional climate change assessments in the eastern Unites States.

Objectives

We compared predictions for 30 species from TreeAtlas, Linkages, and LANDIS PRO, using two climate change scenarios on four regions, to derive a more robust assessment of species change in response to climate change.

Methods

We calculated the ratio of future importance or biomass to current for each species, then compared agreement among models by species, region, and climate scenario using change classes, an ordinal agreement score, spearman rank correlations, and model averaged change ratios.

Results

Comparisons indicated high agreement for many species, especially northern species modeled to lose habitat. TreeAtlas and Linkages agreed the most but each also agreed with many species outputs from LANDIS PRO, particularly when succession within LANDIS PRO was simulated to 2300. A geographic analysis showed that a simple difference (in latitude degrees) of the weighted mean center of a species distribution versus the geographic center of the region of interest provides an initial estimate for the species’ potential to gain, lose, or remain stable under climate change.

Conclusions

This analysis of multiple models provides a useful approach to compare among disparate models and a more consistent interpretation of the future for use in vulnerability assessments and adaptation planning.

     

Participatory mapping of landscape values in a Pan-European perspective

Context

Human–nature interactions are reflected in the values people assign to landscapes. These values shape our understanding and actions as landscape co-creators, and need to be taken into account to achieve an integrated management of the landscape that involves civil society.

Objectives

The aim of this research was to increase the current knowledge on the most and least common landscape values perceived by local stakeholders, the patterns in the spatial distribution of values, and their connection to different socio-economic backgrounds and landscape characteristics across Europe.

Methods

The research consisted of a cross-site comparison study on how landscape values are perceived in six areas of Europe using Public Participation GIS surveys. Answers were analysed combining contingency tables, spatial autocorrelation and bivariate correlation methods, kernel densities, land cover ratios, and viewshed analyses. Results were discussed in the light of findings derived from other European participatory mapping studies.

Results

We identified shared patterns in the perception of landscape values across Europe. Recreation, aesthetics, and social fulfilment were the most common values. Landscape values showed common spatial patterns mainly related to accessibility and the presence of water, settlements, and cultural heritage. However, respondents in each study site had their own preferences connected to the intrinsic characteristics of the local landscape and culture.

Conclusions

The results encourage land planners and researchers to approach landscape values in relation to socio-cultural and bio-physical land characteristics comprehensibly, acknowledging the complexity in the relationship between people’s perception and the landscape, to foster more effective and inclusive landscape management strategies.