Genotypic and Pathotypic Diversity in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Nepal

ABSTRACT Among the 171 strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (the bacterial blight pathogen of rice) collected from eight rice-producing zones in Nepal, 31 molecular haplotypes were distinguished using two polymerase chain reaction-based assays. Six common haplotypes represented nearly 63% of the strains, and some haplotypes were geographically dispersed. Multiple correspondence analysis divided the collection into five putative genetic lineages. Lineages 1, 2, and 4 were the most frequently detected and occurred in diverse geographic populations. Twenty-six pathotypes (virulence phenotypes) of X. oryzae pv. oryzae were identified using 11 near-iso-genic rice lines, each containing a single gene for resistance. The 26 pathotypes grouped into five clusters, and cluster 1 contained wide virulence spectrum strains from all geographic populations. Although molecular variation was greatest between strains of different virulence phenotypes, some variation was observed among strains with identical virulence. There was a weak correlation (r = 0.52) between molecular haplotypes and virulence phenotypes. There are two major groups of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in Nepal. One group consists of strains with high molecular polymorphism and many pathotypes that are either virulent to the 11 major resistance genes or avirulent only to Xa21. Strains in the second group have low molecular polymorphism and are avirulent to Xa4, xa5, Xa7, and Xa21.     

水稻纹枯病防治途径的研究及应用

随着水稻矮秆多蘖品种的推广,密植程度的提高和施氮量的增加,使纹枯病的发生为害日益严重,已成为水稻高产稳产的重大威胁。据不完全统计,江苏省1986—1988年纹枯病发生面积达8000万亩,约占水稻种植总面积的71%。当前水稻纹枯病的防治对策为“水控药治”,药剂主要是井冈霉素。虽然井冈霉素防治效果颇佳,但每年稻田需全面防治2—3次,有的4次,需花费大量的人力     

假隔链格孢SF-193菌丝的生长特性及其寄主选择性

室内条件下,研究了不同培养条件和营养条件对空心莲子草生防真菌假隔链格孢Nim- bya alternantherae菌株SF-193菌丝生长的影响,测定其对27科86种植物的安全性。结果表明,生防真菌SF-193菌株的最佳生长温度约为30℃,最适生长pH值为10～11,生长过程中需要适当的空气,光照条件对SF-193生长没有影响;以玉米粉、黄豆粉作为碳源,以蛋白胨、牛肉膏作为氮源的培养基成分最有利于SF-193菌株的生长。SF-193菌株对绝大多数非靶标植物、尤其是对大田主要农作物和蔬菜均不致病,安全性良好。     

江苏省水稻品种对水稻细菌性条斑病抗性鉴定及评价

为明确江苏省水稻条斑病菌致病力分化状况和不同类型水稻品种对条斑病抗感特性,在孕穗期采用针刺接种法对徐淮稻区2007—2009年采集分离获得的45株条斑病菌进行致病力测定,根据病原菌在6个水稻鉴别品种IRBB4、IRBB5、IRBB14、IRBB21、IR24和金刚30上的抗感反应划分致病型,从中选择具有代表性的3种不同致病型条斑病菌,并鉴定了240个不同类型的水稻品种对条斑病的抗感性。根据菌株在鉴别品种上的抗感反应将供试菌株划分为8个致病型,其中优势致病型为C3致病型,所占比例为35.5%;大多数菌株与鉴别品种间表现出弱互作关系,少数菌株表现出强互作关系。粳稻品种对条斑病的抗性明显高于籼稻,但常规粳稻和杂交粳稻对强致病力菌抗性比例仅为59.8%和37.5%。表明水稻细菌性条斑病流行仍具有潜在的威胁。     

脂肽类化合物bacillomycin L抗真菌活性及其对水稻病害的防治

生防菌Bs-916对水稻纹枯病具有很好的防治效果,分泌的脂肽类化合物bacillomycin L是其抗真菌活性的关键因子之一.Bacillomycin L抑菌活性的定性及定量分析结果表明:其对常见的12种病原真菌的菌丝生长均有抑制作用,但其对不同病原真菌的毒力存在显著差异.Bacillomycin L对番茄灰霉Botrytis cinerea和稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae的毒力最强,抑制中浓度(IC50)分别为0.28μg·mL-1和0.35μg·mL-1;对大多数病原真菌IC50在1～3μg·mL-1;对水稻恶苗病菌Fusarium fujikuroi和串珠镰刀菌F.moniliforme毒力最差,IC50分别为28.99μg·mL-1和45.92μg·mL-1.显微观察表明bacillomycin L能致畸病原真菌菌丝和抑制孢子萌发.Bacillomycin L对稻瘟病和水稻纹枯病都有一定的防治效果,当使用浓度为500μg·mL-1时,对水稻纹枯病和苗瘟的防效分别为70.8%和56.3%.研究结果表明,bacillomycin L具有广谱高效的抗真菌活性,具有开发为环境友好型生物农药的潜力.     

芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.)拮抗基因的分子标记

用ＢＯＸ－ＰＣＲ指纹图谱进行了１８４个格兰氏生菌株,其中有４１个菌株与标准菌种Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ａｍｙｌｏｌｉｑｕｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ之间的ＤＮＡ指纹图谱相似性大于７０％,在离体条件下,测定这些菌株对水稻纹枯菌的拮抗性能。选出４个代表菌株（Ｇ４３３、Ｇ４３４＾－、Ｇ３９６＾＋、Ｇ２９２＾＋）用于筛选ＲＡＰＤ－ＰＣＲ的有效引物、先后共测试了１２４个随机引物,有８个随机引物能够产生明显与拮抗基因相关的ＤＮ     

枯草芽胞杆菌Bs916突变体库的构建和抑制水稻 细菌性条斑病菌相关基因的克隆

【目的】采用转座子标签技术构建枯草芽胞杆菌Bs916突变体库,从突变体库中筛选对水稻细菌性条斑病菌抑菌效果发生显著变化的菌株并克隆插入位点的基因,获得生防菌Bs916中与抑制细菌活性可能相关的基因。【方法】携带转座子TnYLB-1的穿梭载体pMarA通过化学转化方法转化至枯草芽胞杆菌Bs916菌株,构建随机插入突变体库。通过平板抑菌试验从突变体库中筛选对水稻细菌性条斑病菌抑菌效果得到显著提高和下降的突变体;并采用PCR和Southern Blot验证转座子是否成功插入到Bs916染色体基因组上,利用反向PCR技术克隆转座子插入位点基因、测序并进行生物信息学分析。【结果】成功构建了枯草芽胞杆菌Bs916的转座子随机插入的突变体库;PCR和Southern Blot结果表明转座子成功的插入到染色体基因组上,约85%突变体以单拷贝形式插入;筛选出30株对水稻细菌性条斑病菌抑制效果发生显著变化的菌株,克隆到21个突变体插入位点的基因序列并测序。生物信息学分析结果表明这些基因与感受态形成、生物膜形成和次生产物代谢相关。【结论】成功构建了Bs916突变体库,克隆到该库中对水稻细菌性条斑病菌抑菌效果显著变化菌株的突变位点基因,这些基因推测可能与枯草芽胞杆菌Bs916中的抑制细菌化合物的合成代谢及调控相关。     

2001～2005年江苏省水稻区试品种(系)抗病性鉴定和评价

2001~2005年,对江苏省水稻区试和预试品种(系)808份进行稻瘟病、白叶枯病和纹枯病抗性鉴定。鉴定结果表明:在被测的各种水稻类型中,籼稻品种(系)对稻瘟病的抗性比粳稻好;在粳稻类品种(系)中杂交粳稻对稻瘟病的抗性又略比常规粳稻好;粳稻品种(系)对白叶枯病的抗性比籼稻好;常规稻对白叶枯病的抗性明显比杂交稻好;大部分被测水稻品种(系)对纹枯病的抗性较差。     

Panicle blast and canopy moisture in rice cultivar mixtures

ABSTRACT Glutinous rice cultivars were sown after every fourth row of a nonglutinous, hybrid cultivar in an additive design. The glutinous cultivars were 35 to 40 cm taller and substantially more susceptible to blast than was the nonglutinous cultivar. Interplanting of glutinous and nonglutinous rice reduced the incidence and severity of panicle blast on the glutinous cultivars by >90%, and on the nonglutinous cultivar by 30 to 40%. Mixing increased the per unit area yield of glutinous rice by 80 to 90% relative to pure stand, whereas yield of the nonglutinous cultivar was essentially unaffected by mixing. To determine whether the different plant heights and canopy structures may contribute to a microclimate that is less favorable to blast infection, we monitored the moisture status of the glutinous cultivars in pure stand and mixture at 0800 h by measuring relative humidity at the height of the glutinous panicles using a swing psychrometer and by visually estimating the percentage of leaf area covered by dew. Averaged over the two seasons, the number of days of 100% humidity at 0800 h was 20.0 and 2.2 for pure stands and mixtures, respectively. The mean percentage of glutinous leaf area covered by dewwas 84 and 36% for the pure stands and mixtures, respectively. Although other mechanisms also were operative, reduced leaf wetness was likely a substantial contributor to panicle blast control in the mixtures.     

防治水稻纹枯病的新途径

水稻生产随着矮秆多蘖品种的推广、密植程度的提高和施氮量的增加,纹枯病的发生和危害日益严重,已成为水稻高产稳产的潜在威胁。当前的水稻纹枯病防治对策是运用栽培技术与药剂防治相结合的措施,收效显著。但从长远的经济效益来看,选用抗(耐)病品种防治纹枯病是更为经济、有效的途径。本工作为开拓水稻纹枯病抗性种质资源,鉴定当前生产上常规品种和杂交稻对纹枯病的抗感性,评定其实用价值,以及为今后大面积推广应用水稻中抗品种防治纹枯病提供依据。 一、品种间对纹枯病的抗感性差异 1983～1987年,前后收集鉴定了水稻品