Occurrence of on-farm risk factors and health effects of mycotoxins in dairy farms in Jordan

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of on-farm risk factors and health effects associated with contamination of dairy feeds with aflatoxins (AFs), zearalenone (ZEN), trichothecenes (T-2), deoxynivalenol (DON), and fumonisins (FB) in Jordan. A pre-tested and validated questionnaire was used to determine on-farm practices and health effects associated with high levels of mycotoxins. A total of 88 feed samples were collected from the 37 farms participating in the study and analyzed using commercially available ELISA kits. The mean total AF concentration exceeded the European Union (EU) limit in alfalfa (4%) and total mixed ration (TMR) (3%) samples. Similarly, levels exceeding EU limits were observed for T-2 in alfalfa (29%), TMR (30%), and corn silage (4%). The average concentrations of ZEN and FB were 300 ppb and 11,638 ppb, respectively, which were below the EU maximum limits in all feed samples examined. Intensive management system (OR?=?7.70), imported feed (OR?=?3.40), feed storage on the farm for more than 1-month duration (OR?=?7.90), and not using antitoxins (OR?=?2.30) were significantly (P?<?0.05) associated with high levels of mycotoxins in feed samples. A significant correlation (P?<?0.05) was evident between the presence of mycotoxins in dairy feed and feed refusal (R?=?0.70), low milk production (R?=?0.50), diarrhea problems (R?=?0.60), infertility (R?=?0.50), and repeated breeder problems (R?=?0.80). Results show that mycotoxin contamination in dairy feeds is a problem in Jordan, and appropriate measures need to be undertaken to reduce risks to human and animal health and improve production.

     

Pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolites in pregnant and nonpregnant ewes and determination of their concentrations in milk,allantoic fluid,and newborn plasma

The objectives of this study were to determine the pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril and its metabolites in pregnant and nonpregnant ewes following a single oral dose and to determine the plasma concentrations of these compounds in milk, allantoic fluid, and newborn plasma. Eighteen healthy ewes were randomly divided into three groups (n = 6 each): pregnant ewes at 12–13 weeks of gestation (group A), nonpregnant ewes (group B), and pregnant ewes at 1–2 weeks before expected lambing date (group C). Ewes in all groups received a single oral dose of toltrazuril at 20 mg/kg body weight. In groups A and B, blood samples were collected at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18 hr, every 6 hr to day 3, every 12 hr to day 7 and thereafter every 24 hr to day 14 post-toltrazuril administration. In group C, parturition was induced 24–36 hr after toltrazuril administration then milk, allantoic fluid, and newborn plasma samples were collected immediately after birth. Drug metabolites were assayed using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet detection method (UHPLC-UV). The maximum concentration (C_max), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC_0–t), AUC to 24 and 48 hr (AUC_0–24), and (AUC_0–48) were significantly higher in pregnant ewes. Longer apparent half-life (T_1/2), significantly higher apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) and total clearance (Cl/F) were observed in nonpregnant ewes. The time to maximum plasma concentration (T_max), mean residence time (MRT) and elimination rate constant (K_el) were similar in both groups. The AUC_0–24 and AUC_0–48 were significantly higher in nonpregnant ewes. The AUC_0–t was significantly higher in pregnant ones. The ratio of plasma toltrazuril concentrations in ewes and toltrazuril concentrations in newborn lambs' plasma, allantoic fluid, and milk were 68%, 2.3%, and 5.3%, respectively. Results of this study showed that toltrazuril is well absorbed after a single oral dose in ewes with widespread distribution in different body tissues.     

稻田氮素淋失测定方法的研究进展

氮素淋溶是稻田氮素向周围水体迁移的重要途径,氮以NO3–-N淋溶的形式进入水体,造成的地下水污染问题越来越引起人们的关注,有关稻田氮素淋溶的损失已开展了许多研究,所采用的研究方法不一。本文总结讨论了稻田土壤氮素淋溶的常用测定方法,主要包括土壤溶液提取法、原状土柱法、土钻取样法以及计算机模拟法和同位素示踪等方法,分别对其优缺点以及应用进行了阐述;同时对计算氮素渗漏总量的方法进行了总结,主要包括水分平衡法、达西定律法、小区渗漏池法和大型原状土柱等方法,以期为稻田氮素淋溶损失的相关研究提供技术支持和科学依据。     

安徽省美好乡村建设中的环境对策

安徽省农村环境治理和保护,不仅是农村“宜居”的前提,也是农民“兴业”与“文明”的载体。安徽省农村环保难的主要原因体现在“四重”、“四轻”的制度缺失。因此,安徽省美好乡村建设中的环境对策,必须以维护农民根本利益为出发点,从农民最想解决的垃圾、道路、农村绿化等环境问题入手,通过加强顶层设计、建设农村环保队伍、健全农村生活垃圾处理机制、控制农业面源污染和促进农民环保自治等方面建立起相应的制度保障。     

基于DEM的重庆三峡库区流域水系提取研究

以重庆三峡库区为研究对象,论述基于数字高程模型提取流域水系的方法、原理。应用“Burn-in”算法,对DEM进行再处理,即将发生河道偏差的平坦区域上的实际河网叠加到DEM中,对河道及河道两侧所在栅格单元高程值进行修正,重新生成流域河网。在原有DEM不作较大修改的前提下,使得生成的河网与实际河网更加匹配,同时也保证了模拟结果的准确性。     

AMMI模型和GGE双标图法在新疆冬小麦区域试验产量分析上的应用

[目的]客观、准确评价区域试验中冬小麦新品系的丰产性和稳定性,探明适合新疆冬小麦区域试验分析的统计模型.[方法]利用AMMI模型和GGE双标图分析2010、2011年北疆冬小麦区域试验中5个试点、12个新品系的产量结果.[结果]基因型、环境及基因型×环境互作的平方和分别占总平方和的6.96;、32.62;和26.82;,均达到极显著水平.通过模型分析,垦冬杂1号和垦冬00(2)号具有较好的稳产性和丰产性,适合在伊宁、塔城和奇台等地区种植;08/7148在安宁渠点和塔城地区种植可获得高产.同时,GGE双标图对新品系丰产性分析结果与田间试验结果趋于一致,相对于AMMI模型能够直观、简单提供新品系的稳定性和适种区域.[结论]GGE双标图法比较适合分析北疆冬小麦区域试验的结果.     

不同类型茶园捕食性天敌群落相似性研究

采用群落种组成相似性分析、群落组成相似性分析和群落特征相似性分析3种方法,研究了祁红产区等高茶园、平地茶园和坡地茶园3种茶园类型及春茶、夏茶和秋茶3个生育期捕食性天敌群落的相似性。结果表明,群落种组成相似性平均水平的排序为不同类型茶园相同生育期>不同类型茶园不同生育期>同一类型茶园不同生育期>同一类型茶园相邻生育期。坡地茶园秋茶、平地茶园夏茶和秋茶以及等高茶园秋茶的群落组成最为相似;而平地茶园和坡地茶园春茶次之。等高茶园和平地茶园春茶的群落特征最相似,其次为3种类型茶园秋茶及平地茶园夏茶。     

Strawberry Shelf Life,Composition, and Enzymes Activity in Response to Edible Chitosan Coatings

A series of active biodegradable coatings based on chitosan, gelatin, starch, and sorbitol with or without monoterpenes (geraniol and thymol) were prepared and applied on fresh strawberry fruit as postharvest treatments. The coated fruits were inoculated with fungal spores of Botrytis cinerea and stored for 7 days at 4 °C. Decay incidence, weight loss, anthocyanins, total soluble solids (TSS), total soluble phenolics (TSP), polygalacturonase (PGase), pectin-lyase (PLase), antioxidant activity, guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and catalase (CAT) were elucidated in the fruits of experimental sets and they were compared with that of controls. The coatings showed a significant effect on the development of quality variables, with the additional effect of geraniol and thymol as a function of the polysaccharide matrix. The coatings inhibited decay incidence, reduced weight loss, delayed changes in the contents of anthocyanin, TSS, and total soluble phenolics; inhibited the increase in G-POD and PPO activities; and retarded the reduction in CAT activity. Compared to the controls, all of the coatings had positive effects on the inhibition of cell wall degrading enzymes (PGase and PLase) and among all the tested coatings, T5, chitosan (1%) + starch (1%) + sorbitol (0.5%) + tween (0.05%) + thymol (0.02%) was the best. This formulation showed also the highest antimicrobial activity and the greatest effect on other physiochemical parameters and it can be suggested to use it as a useful coating agent for extending the shelf-life and maintaining quality of strawberry fruit.     

甘肃南部小麦条锈病越夏考察

考察确认甘肃南部是小麦条锈菌越夏的适宜地区。在甘南州和临夏州大部分地区,条锈菌在晚熟春麦上越夏,越夏菌源主要侵染临近地区自生麦苗。在陇南地区和甘南州的舟曲等地,条锈菌主要在海拔1600 m以上地带的自生麦苗上越复,越夏后侵染冬小麦秋苗。文中讨论了甘肃省小麦条锈病越夏区划以及越夏调查与越夏区治理所面临的主要问题。     

鄂豆6号的选育

利用血缘关系远、生态类型差异较大的亲本进行杂交和异季加代育成的鄂豆6号,具有优良的综合性状,较短的生育期,较广的适应性和产量高、品质优等特点。适宜在湖北全省和长江流域部分地区推广。栽培技术上要求适时早播、适当密植、科学施肥和加强田间管理。