再生水及盐溶液入渗与蒸发对土壤水盐和碱性的影响

为研究再生水利用对土壤盐碱性影响的特殊性,采用室内大型土槽试验,对比研究了清水、再生水和钠吸附比(sodium adsorption ratio,SAR)分别为3、10和20(mmolc/L)0.5的盐溶液入渗与蒸发10次(模拟灌溉2a)期间对土壤及土壤溶液盐分迁移累积和碱性的影响。结果表明:与清水相比,再生水和SAR值为20(mmolc/L)0.5的盐溶液处理中0～40cm深度壤土含水率较高,80～120cm砂土含水率的增加产生滞后现象;再生水和盐溶液入渗与蒸发后土壤中盐分产生累积,累积量为9.54%～51.83%,而再生水处理中淋洗液带出的盐分最多,是其他处理的1.09～1.42倍。清水、再生水和盐溶液处理土壤溶液钠吸附比(SAR)<3(mmolc/L)0.5,土壤pH值<8.5,再生水和盐溶液入渗与蒸发引起土壤碱化的风险较低。再生水入渗与蒸发后土壤溶液中K+和Ca2+在土体中的迁移分布与清水和盐溶液处理不同,再生水对土壤中Cl-有较强的淋洗作用,长期再生水灌溉过程中土壤K+、Ca2+和Cl-的迁移和淋洗需要引起重视。试验结果对农业中长期安全合理利用再生水具有指导意义。     

广东省稻瘟病病区分析及划分

分析了广东省2010-2019年各地稻瘟病的发生情况,结合地域方位、稻瘟病发生面积、水稻种植面积等,对广东水稻主栽县(市、区)进行了稻瘟病级别划定。结果显示,广东稻瘟病重发区主要集中在粤北。另外,粤西湛江、茂名、阳江和云浮等部分地区呈点状重发分布;零星发生区主要集中在粤东、珠江三角洲和粤西部分地区。     

青蛤人工育苗试验

青蛤潜居泥沙中生活,移动性小,适宜滩涂养殖,且近几年对其苗种的需求量日益增加,沿海各地均在开展青蛤人工育苗试验和生产。我们于2005年7月-10月底,利用投放较大颗粒的附着基、浮游期采用过滤海水、稚贝附着后改用室外土池流水培育的新工艺,在430m2水体中培育壳长4mm-9mm的青蛤苗种总计1亿粒。     

鱼腥藻藻蓝蛋白的提取

对鱼腥藻藻蓝蛋白的大规模提取方法进行了初步的探索。对实验室精细的小规模分离提取方法进行了简化。用0．01mol／L磷酸盐缓冲液浸提，经3次反复冰融渗透震荡处理，使细胞破碎，释放藻蓝蛋白，然后离心分离。用磷酸缓冲液反复提取至上清液透明。采用这种方法从鱼腥藻中提取藻蓝蛋白，可处理的样品规模大，藻蓝蛋白得率高达98．8％，并且操作方法简便，节约药品，成本低。     

HACCP体系在斑点叉尾鮰人工繁殖中的应用

在江西峡江和赣州进行了HACCP（Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point）体系在斑点叉尾鮰（Ictalurus punctatus）人工繁殖中的应用研究.应用HACCP的基本原理,对整个斑点叉尾鮰人工繁殖过程进行危害分析,确立了亲鱼培育池的选择、亲鱼种质选择、亲鱼产卵池的选择、受精卵孵化、苗种培育、水质监测、饲料供应、日常管理等8个关键控制点,提出了相应的预防措施、关键限值、监控措施以及超过关键限值时的纠正措施,使各关键控制点处于人为控制之下.实现了斑点叉尾鮰人工繁殖按无公害化、规范化、标准化生产.     

Species richness and guild composition in rubber plantations compared to secondary forest on Hainan Island, China

Currently, the one of great threats to tropical biodiversity is the conversion of natural ecosystems to agriculture, and this threat is particularly critical on Hainan, the largest tropical island in China and a global biodiversity hotspot. Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) has been planted on Hainan since the 1950s, resulting in extensive replacement of native forest, and the rate of this transformation has increased with latex prices since the 1990s. Rubber plantations now cover ca. 506,680 ha on Hainan and reach ca 1,000 m in elevation. To investigate the effect of this land-use change, we compared avian communities between a rubber plantation and a native secondary semi-deciduous monsoon forest. We found that species richness was higher in the native forest than in rubber, and that community composition differed greatly between the two habitats. No strict frugivores were recorded in rubber and no granivores in semi-deciduous monsoon forest. In both richness and abundance, more nectarivores and fewer insectivores occurred in rubber than in the native forest. Some common forest species, as well as protected species, were found only in native forest, including Hainan Partridge (Arborophila ardens), Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus), Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica), Black-browed Barbet (Megalaima oorti), Blue-rumped Pitta (Pitta soror), Puff-throated Bulbul (Alophoixus pallidus), and Chestnut Bulbul (Hemixos castanonotus). Although ten babbler species were found in the native forest, only two were in rubber. Among the species missing in rubber was the endemic Hainan species Grey Laughingthrush (Garrulax maesi). Its endangerment through habitat conversion is of particular conservation concern.     

不同叶面积损失对油茶产量及品质的影响

2011年5月对12年生、树高1.5～2.1m、造林密度为1500株·hm-2的普通油茶进行不同面积剪叶处理,以此模拟病虫等的危害,研究油茶叶片损失对其产量和品质的影响。结果表明:不同剪叶处理对油茶落果率、果实质量、果实鲜出籽率、出仁率、干仁含油率均有一定影响。当叶损失量(剪叶量)为25%,50%和75%时,落果率分别为61.2%,83.8%和84.1%,是对照的1.54,2.11和2.12倍,显著高于对照;而叶损失量为12.5%时,油茶落果率与对照差异不显著。当叶损失量高于25%时,鲜出籽率(低于41%)、出仁率(低于14%)和干仁含油率(低于37%)均出现明显的下降趋势,与对照(44.6%,14.7%和42.2%)差异显著;瘪籽率则随着剪叶量的增加而上升。剪叶对茶油中饱和脂肪酸——棕榈酸和不饱和脂肪酸——油酸的含量也有影响,尤其是剪叶75%后,茶油中棕榈酸的含量为24.8%,比对照的(9.2%)显著增高;油酸的含量为68.9%,比对照的(82.5%)显著降低。剪叶后对油茶植株翌年(2012年)的生长及结果情况调查表明:剪叶50%和75%的树势衰弱,抽梢不正常且新叶少,平均果实数仅为2.2和0个·株-1,基本没有结果,显著低于其他处理组;而剪叶12.5%的油茶树翌年生长正常,结果数与对照差异不显著。研究结果表明叶面积损失超过25%将严重影响油茶的产量和翌年树势的生长,叶面积损失12.5%以上对茶油的品质有一定影响。     

水口库区叶绿素a含量与环境因子的关系

以2012年水口库区全年的监测数据为依据,应用SPSS软件通过主成分分析和多元线性回归方法分析了春、夏、秋、冬四季叶绿素a与环境因子的关系。结果表明：高锰酸盐指数和五日生化需氧量在春、夏、秋、冬四季对叶绿素a都具有显著影响。其中,pH、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、五日生化耗氧量和悬浮物对春季叶绿素a含量具有显著影响;总氮、总磷、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、悬浮物、高锰酸盐指数和五日生化耗氧量对夏季叶绿素a含量具有显著影响;溶解氧、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数和五日生化耗氧量对秋季叶绿素a含量具有显著影响;高锰酸盐指数、五日生化耗氧量和悬浮物对冬季叶绿素a含量具有显著影响。     

阴离子对可变电荷土壤吸附铜离子的影响机理

根据NO-3、Cl-和SO24-对可变电荷土壤和恒电荷土壤吸附Cu2+的影响的比较,探讨了阴离子对可变电荷土壤吸附Cu2+的影响机理。结果表明,当3种阴离子的浓度相同时,在SO24-体系中铁质砖红壤对Cu2+的吸附率较在NO3-和Cl-体系中大得多,而在浓度相同的3种阴离子体系中,黄棕壤对Cu2+的吸附率相差不大。在离子强度相近的NaCl体系中,砖红壤对Cu2+的吸附率相近。在3种阴离子体系中,随着pH升高,砖红壤对Cu2+的吸附率均增大;但在NO-3体系和Cl-体系中Cu2+的吸附率相近;而在SO24-体系中Cu2+的吸附率最大。随着Na2SO4浓度的增大,铁质砖红壤和砖红壤对Cu2+的吸附率减小。但在0.005 mol L-1和0.05 mol L-1Na2SO4体系中,Cu2+的吸附率大于在不含Na2SO4的体系中者。而在0.5 mol L-1Na2SO4体系中,Cu2+吸附率小于在不含Na2SO4体系中者。在3种浓度的Na2SO4体系中,黄棕壤对Cu2+的吸附率均小于在不含Na2SO4体系中者。总之,阴离子可通过离子强度、专性吸附和形成离子对影响土壤对Cu2+的吸附。在可变电荷土壤中,阴离子对Cu2+吸附的影响机理较在恒电荷土壤中复杂得多。     

Human milk fat globules from different stages of lactation: a lipid composition analysis and microstructure characterization

The physicochemical properties of human milk fat globules (MFG) at different lactation stages from Danish mothers and the microstructure changes of MFG membrane (MFGM) at varied temperatures were investigated, and the relationship between chemical composition and the microstructure of MFGM was elucidated. The fat content in MFG was found to be significantly increased as lactation progressed, and colostrum MFG had the largest mean diameter of 5.75 ± 0.81 μm and the lowest ζ potential of -5.60 ± 0.12 mV. Chemical composition analyses of MFG revealed the following: (i) Colostrum milk fat constituted higher content in PUFAs (ω-6, and long-chain ω-6 and ω-3) than transitional and mature milk fats, with the corresponding lower content of SFA in its sn-2 position. (ii) The content of polar lipids among total lipids varied during lactation course (maximized at transitional stage); however, in terms of subclasses of polar lipids, no significant change of the relative content of sphingomyelin was observed, while the content of phosphatidycholine in mature milk was higher than that in colostrum and transitional milk. (iii) Inspection of fatty acid composition in phospholipids from different lactation milk revealed no remarkable and regular changes could be generalized; and no obvious difference of the morphologies of MFGM at different lactation stages can be visualized. An investigation of the microstructure change of MFGM vs temperature demonstrated that the segregated domains became larger as temperature decreased to 4 °C, while it became smaller when increased to 37 °C. This phenomenon indicated that, in addition to sphingimyelin and cholesterol, phospholipids might also contribute to increasing the segregated domains at lower temperature, while, at elevated temperature, these domains could be diminished, most likely due to a restructuring or distributing of sphingimyelin and cholesterol.