富硒金针菇菌丝体多糖的分离和分析

试验采用热水浸提法从富硒金针菇菌丝体中提取多糖,菌丝体的多糖含量为42.30mg/g干菌丝,粗多糖收率为5.97％,粗多糖中多糖含量为73.62％。同时还研究了热水浸提法的分离工艺条件。     

Thermal effects on water retention behaviour of unsaturated collapsible loess

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Temperature has a significant influence on water retention curve (WRC) because temperature affects surface tension of water and volumetric behaviour of soil....     

Distribution of water-stable aggregates under soil tillage practices in a black soil hillslope cropland in Northeast China

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Soil aggregates are the basic units of soil structure. Water-stable aggregates (WSAs) are greatly influenced by tillage practices. The main objective of our study...     

Composition of clay minerals and their pedogenetic and taxonomic implications for Stagnic Anthrosols derived from different parent materials in Hunan Province,China

Purpose

The aims of this study were to investigate the composition of clay minerals in soils derived from different parent materials and to elucidate how parent materials and pedogenic environment affect the distribution of clay minerals and reveal the implications for pedogenetics and taxonomy in Stagnic Anthrosols.

Materials and methods

Clay mineralogy and physicochemical properties of the Hydragric horizon of Stagnic Anthrosols derived from granite (GR), plate shale (PS), quaternary red clays (QRC), limestone (LS), purple sandy shale (PSS) and fluvial-lacustrine deposit (FLD) located in Hunan Province of China were analysed to explore the relationships between the conditions influencing the formation of the soil and the composition of clay minerals.

Results and discussion

Results indicated that the composition of clay minerals is closely related to both parent material and type of Stagnic Anthrosols: the soils derived from GR, PS and QRC, which are mostly classified as Fe-accumulic-Stagnic Anthrosols, are dominantly 1:1 type kaolinite and vermiculite and illite/vermiculite mixed layer minerals of widespread distribution. However, soils derived from LS, PSS and FLD were mainly classified as Hapli-Stagnic Anthrosols and are mainly composed of 2:1 type illite/smectite mixed layer minerals, where chlorite is commonly found. Illite is widely distributed and its content varies the least among different parent materials. An extremely significant relationship between pH and kaolinite, chlorite and mixed layer minerals was noted, and the two kinds of mixed layer minerals showed highly significant negative correlation.

Conclusions

This study revealed that the types and quantities of clay minerals in the soil are closely related to the types of parent material. This reflected better direction and degree of development in Stagnic Anthrosols, which is related to the physicochemical properties of parent material and can be used as one of the bases for the classification of soil groups and subgroups within the soil family for Stagnic Anthrosols in Chinese Soil Taxonomy.

     

Biochar-induced soil phosphate sorption and availability depend on soil properties: a microcosm study

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The effects of soil properties on biochar-induced soil phosphate sorption and availability are not well investigated. An alkaline biochar-induced soil phosphate...     

农业工程科技创新推进农业绿色发展

农业绿色发展是农业发展观的一场深刻革命。该文全面论述了农业工程科技创新对农业绿色发展的重要作用,深入分析了中国在农业资源利用、产地环境治理、生态系统保育和农产品绿色供给等方面取得的成效和存在的问题。提出了围绕农业绿色发展,农业资源监测、水土资源利用、农业投入品使用、农业机械化和农业废弃物资源利用等农业工程科技创新的前沿进展和主攻方向。从强化农业绿色发展理念、建立技术创新与推广体系、完善标准体系和加强政策支持4个方面提出了政策建议。该文可为农业绿色发展背景下农业工程科技研发提供重要的指导和参考。     

气吹集排式水稻旱直播机关键部件设计与试验

针对中国水稻直播品种不一、高速作业和大播量的要求,该文设计了一种气吹集排式水稻旱地精量直播机,直播机主要由均匀分种装置、定量排种装置、气力输送装置、同步传动装置、大尺寸集成种箱、开沟覆土镇压装置和支撑悬挂装置组成。从直播机的稻种适应性、作业速度、播量调节等方面研究了气吹集排式分种器的分种机理和分种均匀性。根据不同品种水稻种子的物理特性和气流输送原理,分析了不同种子在持续气流作用下,种子在分种器中的运动轨迹。按照大播量可调要求,设计了播量无级可调槽轮式排种器,槽轮槽形为圆弧状,通过双地轮驱动排种器保证播量同步。设计变速传动装置增加定量排种装置高速作业的适应性,气力输送装置使定量排种装置排出的种子在高速作业下连续排入播种沟。分种器的均匀稳定分种提高了直播机播种的均匀性和稳定性,通过减少排种器数量和使用气力输送种子,降低了伤种率。对比不同籼、粳稻品种在直播过程的运动规律和田间播种效果,得到了适应不同稻种的分种器结构及相关参数。试制了气吹集排式直播机并进行田间试验。田间试验结果表明,气吹集排式直播机的播量在75～375 kg/hm2可调,最高作业速度为14 km/h,10行幅宽2 m和20行幅宽4 m的每行播种量变异系数分别为4.89%和5.06%,田间播种的稻种破损率为0.46%。2017年,在宁夏播种富源4号品种的产量为10 372.5 kg/hm2,在广东播种粤农丝苗品种的产量为7 074kg/hm2,生产试验结果表明,所研制的气吹集排式水稻旱直播机达到了设计目标,满足作业需求。     

基于格网的石漠化地区生态系统服务与经济空间耦合

[目的]分析石漠化地区生态系统服务价值与经济的空间耦合关系,为石漠化地区生态环境保护与社会经济协调发展提供依据。[方法]以贵州省盘州市为例,基于格网尺度,计算了研究区生态服务价值(ESV)与国内生产总值GDP,并利用耦合协调模型,对两者间的耦合协调发展程度进行定量评估。[结果]①盘州市ESV热点区主要分布在东北部的几个少数民族乡镇,冷点区主要分布在经济发展较快且城市化率较高的区域;②盘州市GDP在空间上呈现出局部高的特点,高值区主要集中在石桥镇、亦资街道、翰林街道等工业镇和政治、经济、文化中心;③盘州市ESV与GDP耦合协调度值较低,空间上存在明显的自相关性,耦合协调度较低的区域主要分布在盘州市东南部、北部以及中部;④盘州市ESV与GDP耦合协调度类型以严重失调衰退经济损益型为主,占区域总面积的79.95%。[结论]盘州市ESV与GDP在空间上存在一定矛盾,耦合协调度较低,兼顾生态环境保护与经济发展有助于提升协调度。     

基于机器视觉的育肥猪分群系统设计与试验

为控制育肥猪出栏时的体质量差异,该研究开发了一套基于机器视觉技术的育肥猪分群系统,该系统通过机器视觉技术和卷积神经网络模型代替传统地磅对猪只体质量进行估测,可有效避免粪污对设备精度的影响及腐蚀;以前一天全部猪只体质量数据从小到大排列的第30%个数据作为当日的分群基准质量,将大于等于基准质量的视为长势较快的猪只,小于基准质量的视为长势较慢的猪只,每次采食按照猪只长势快慢分为2群进行饲喂;该系统依托于LabVIEW软件开发平台和物联网系统构建,平均每头猪只通过系统时间为6.2 s。为验证该系统的实际应用效果开展了为期30 d的现场试验,将饲喂于装有分群系统猪栏中的120头长白育肥猪作为试验组,由分群系统按猪只长势快慢分群饲喂;将饲喂于传统猪栏中的120头长白育肥猪作为对照组,按照传统人工调栏的方式进行饲喂。试验开始时试验组和对照组猪只平均体质量分别为32.21、31.76 kg,标准差分为别2.61和2.49 kg;结束时试验组和对照组猪只平均体质量分别为57.68、57.41 kg,标准差分为别5.26和5.51 kg,总料肉比分别为2.31和2.34,期间试验组猪只体质量的标准差小于对照组,但是2组猪只平均体质量、标准差、总料肉比均不存在显著差异,表明采用该系统对猪只进行分群饲喂控制猪只体质量差异效果等同于人工调栏,同时可以节省人力成本,缓解农业劳动力短缺的压力。该研究也可为母猪饲喂站、种猪测定站等智能化养猪设备的研发提供参考。