2BFD-4型花生覆膜播种机的设计与试验

摘要：根据中国北方地区花生垄作覆膜播种的特点,为提高花生播种机工作效率,改善作业质量,研制了2BFD-4型花生覆膜播种机。该播种机突破了一垄两行的播种模式,增加了排种单体和仿形机构,解决了单体运动干涉与仿形问题,实现了宽幅花生播种。对排种器与开沟器结构进行了优化,提高播种和开沟性能。整机结构紧凑,性能可靠,作业效率高,覆膜平整。经田间试验表明：该播种机播种质量较好,空穴率为0.58%,重播率为1.75%,种子破碎率为0.37%,穴粒数合格率为95.03%,种肥垂直间距为41.52 mm,出苗率为88.33%,各项指标均达到了相关标准,可以适应中国目前北方花生机械化的发展要求。     

Multiresidue analysis of 58 pesticides in bean products by disposable pipet extraction (DPX) cleanup and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination

A method based on disposable pipet extraction (DPX) sample cleanup and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection by selected ion monitoring (GC/MS-SIM) was established for 58 targeted pesticide residues in soybean, mung bean, adzuki bean and black bean. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile and concentrated (nitrogen gas flow) prior to being aspirated into DPX tubes. Cleanup procedure was achieved in a simple DPX-Qg tube. Matrix-matched calibrations were analyzed, and the limits of quantification (LOQ) of this method ranged from 0.01 mg kg(-1) to 0.1 mg kg(-1) for all target compounds. Coefficients of determination of the linear ranges were between 0.9919 and 0.9998. Recoveries of fortified level 0.02 mg kg(-1) on soybean, mung bean, adzuki bean and black bean were 70.2-109.6%, 69.1-119.0%, 69.1-119.8%, and 69.0-120.8%, respectively, for all studied pesticides. Moreover, pesticide risk assessment for all the detected residues in 178 market samples at Beijing market area was conducted. A maximum 0.958% of ADI (acceptable daily intake) for NESDI (national estimated daily intake) and 55.1% of ARfD (acute reference dose) for NESTI (national estimated short-term intake) indicated low diet risk of these products.     

Patterns and drivers of fungal diversity along an altitudinal gradient on Mount Gongga,China

Purpose

Fungi are essential components of soil microbial communities and have a crucial role in biogeochemical processes. Alpine regions are sensitive to climate change, and the importance of changes in fungal community composition along altitudinal gradients in alpine regions is hotly debated.

Materials and methods

We used 454 pyrosequencing approaches to investigate the fungal communities at 1600, 2300, 2800, 3000, and 3900 m above sea level along an altitudinal gradient on Mount Gongga.

Results and discussion

The results showed that Agaricomycetes, Sordariomycetes, and Tremellomycetes are the dominant classes at all sampling sites. Operational taxonomic unit richness decreased with increasing altitude, and the fungal communities were clustered into three groups that corresponded to altitudes of, i.e., 1600, 2300, and above 2800 m. The evenness of fungi was not significantly correlated with altitude, whereas beta diversities were significantly correlated with altitude. The distance-based redundancy analysis and Mantel test indicated that the composition of fungal assemblages was mostly driven by altitude and temperature.

Conclusions

Our results indicated that ecological processes possibly related to altitude and temperature play an important role in structuring fungal biodiversity along the elevational gradient. Our results highlight that different microbes may respond differently to environmental gradients.

     

不同种植模式对土壤质量及马铃薯生长的影响

为探究轮作藜麦、玉米及连作对马铃薯根系生理及根系发育的影响及其机制,比较了3种种植模式(轮作藜麦、轮作玉米及连作)对马铃薯根际土壤微环境、根系生理、根系发育及植株生长的影响,以期为减轻马铃薯连作障碍、筛选较好的轮作模式提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)轮作藜麦、玉米明显降低土壤pH,提高土壤中有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量,增强土壤肥力相关酶的活性,增加土壤细菌、放线菌数量和细菌与真菌数量比值(B/F),降低真菌数量,改善马铃薯根际土壤微环境,对植株生长发育起到促进作用,表现在马铃薯的株高、茎粗、地上部干重、根干重、单株薯重均有一定程度的增加。(2)轮作藜麦、玉米使得马铃薯根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性上升,超氧阴离子产生速率下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量减少,渗透调节物质含量增加,表明通过轮作藜麦和玉米使得连作对马铃薯植株造成的胁迫得到了一定程度缓解。(3)轮作藜麦、玉米显著提高了马铃薯根系总根长、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径和根尖数,说明轮作藜麦及玉米促进了马铃薯根系的生长发育,这与轮作藜麦及玉米改善土壤理化性质、生物学性质及促进马铃薯地上部分的发...     

Responses of bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidisers of an acidic luvisols soil to different nitrogen fertilization rates after 9?years

It is still not clear which group of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms plays the most important roles in nitrification in soils. Change in abundances and community compositions of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) under long-term different nitrogen (N) fertilization rates were investigated in an acidic luvisols soil using real-time polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, respectively, based on the ammonia monooxygenase a-subunit gene. The experimental plan included the following treatments: control without N fertilization (N_CK), low N fertilization rate, middle N fertilization rate, and high N fertilization rate as 0, 100, 150, and 250?kg urea-N?ha^?1, respectively. Long-term different N fertilization rates did not significantly alter the total C and N contents of soil while it significantly decreased soil pH, which ranged from 5.60 to 5.20. The AOB abundance was more abundant in the N fertilization treatments than the N_CK treatment; the AOA abundance decreased by the increasing N fertilization rates, as did the ratios of AOA/AOB. The large differences in the potential nitrification rates among four treatments depended on the changes in AOA abundance but not to changes in AOB abundance. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the AOB communities were dominated by Nitrosospira clusters 1, 3, and 9 while all AOA sequences were grouped into soil/sediment cluster except for one sequence. Taken together, these results indicated that AOB and AOA preferred different soil N conditions and AOA were functionally more important in the nitrification than AOB in the acidic luvisols soil.     

Ecological detoxification of methamidophos by earthworms in phaiozem co-contaminated with acetochlor and copper

In view of the ubiquitous co-existence of methamidophos, acetochlor and copper (Cu) in agricultural soils, ecological detoxification of methamidophos in phaiozem by earthworms was examined using the detoxic incubation experiments with illumination. It was validated that the earthworm Eisenia fetida is a useful soil animal in the process of methamidophos detoxification as the assistance of soil microbes and enzymes. Due to the action of earthworms, the half life of methamidophos with concentration of 15 mg/kg in phaiozem could decrease from 5.61 days to 5.08 days. Dynamics of methamidophos detoxification by earthworms could conform to the logistic model. Under the condition of multiple pollution combined with acetochlor (20 mg/kg) and Cu (300 mg/kg), ecological detoxification of methamidophos by earthworms became complicated. Acetochlor played a promoting role in the biodegradation of methamidophos to some extent, while it was basically inhibited by Cu.     

基于ARM的农业装备共性参数测控系统

为满足多种信号实时采集与控制,分析了农业装备性能参数的特性,基于ARM嵌入式技术研制了具有共性参数检测能力、可满足农业装备综合性能参数检测需要的数据采集与控制系统。在S3C2410A和外围硬件电路构成的硬件平台上,利用多线程技术,开发了具有友好人机交互界面的应用软件。系统最多可提供34个测控通道,经计量和田间试验验证,模拟通道线性误差为0.38%、计数和计频通道误差为1Hz,其测试精度和可靠性满足农业装备的性能参数测量需要。该系统的研制有效提升了农业装备的性能检测手段,具有较高的实用性。     

Isolation and identification of oligomers from partial degradation of lime fruit cutin

Complementary degradative treatments with low-temperature hydrofluoric acid and methanolic potassium hydroxide have been used to investigate the protective biopolymer cutin from Citrus aurantifolia (lime) fruits, augmenting prior enzymatic and chemical strategies to yield a more comprehensive view of its molecular architecture. Analysis of the resulting soluble oligomeric fragments with one- and two-dimensional NMR and MS methods identified a new dimer and three trimeric esters of primary alcohols based on 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid and 10-oxo-16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid units. Whereas only 10-oxo-16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid units were found in the oligomers from hydrofluoric acid treatments, the dimer and trimer products isolated to date using diverse degradative methods included six of the seven possible stoichiometric ratios of monomer units. A novel glucoside-linked hydroxyfatty acid tetramer was also identified provisionally, suggesting that the cutin biopolymer can be bound covalently to the plant cell wall. Although the current findings suggest that the predominant molecular architecture of this protective polymer in lime fruits involves esters of primary and secondary alcohols based on long-chain hydroxyfatty acids, the possibility of additional cross-linking to enhance structural integrity is underscored by these and related findings of nonstandard cutin molecular architectures.     

泉州海岸带干旱灾害时空分布特征分析

根据泉州海岸带干旱历年（1961—2001年）实测资料,通过分析得出泉州海岸带干旱灾害的时间分布规律（年内变化、年际变化）和空间分布规律,并生成了泉州海岸带干旱灾害区划图,最后在此基础之上提出了防灾减灾的措施,以期对泉州海岸带的防灾减灾工作有一定的借鉴和参考价值。     

特定pH条件下Ca2+/Cu2+引发胡敏酸胶体凝聚的比较研究

土壤腐殖质颗粒与金属离子间的相互作用深刻地影响着土壤中的微观过程和宏观现象的发生。而胡敏酸是土壤腐殖质的主要组成物质,本文利用光散射技术研究了不同浓度的Ca(NO3)2和Cu(NO3)2溶液中胡敏酸胶体颗粒的凝聚过程和形成凝聚体的结构,并在此基础上进行比较分析。结果表明:由于Ca2+和Cu2+在带电胶体表面的吸附方式不同而对胡敏酸胶体的凝聚的影响表现出很大差异。(1)散射光强的稳定与否可以反映体系的稳定性,Ca(NO3)2体系中散射光强可以在较宽的电解质浓度范围从0 mmol L-1至20 mmol L-1内保持稳定,而Cu(NO3)2体系中光强稳定的电解质浓度范围较窄,只有0 mmol L-1至3 mmol L-1。(2)随电解质浓度的提高,两种电解质体系中凝聚体的有效粒径随时间先呈线性增长再呈幂函数增长,但胡敏酸胶体凝聚过程对Cu(NO3)2体系浓度变化的敏感性远大于Ca(NO3)2体系,并且1 mmol L-1Cu2+吸附下胡敏酸胶体的凝聚速率为69.55 nm min-1,近乎是7.5 mmol L-1Ca2+吸附下凝聚速率23.94 nm min-1的3倍,可见Cu2+作用下颗粒的平均凝聚速率远远高于Ca2+作用的情况。(3)Ca(NO3)2体系中,电解质浓度越高形成凝聚体的结构越开放,但放置50 d后分形维数变小,结构变得更加疏松,说明该凝聚过程具有可逆性;而Cu2+作用下形成的凝聚体初期结构开放度较高,在放置50 d后分形维数变大,结构更加致密紧实,说明该凝聚过程具有不可逆性。这些信息为研究腐殖质超分子聚合物的形成机制提供了新思路。