金针菇的研究进展及开发利用前景

金针菇是颇受世人青睐的食用菌之一,具有较高的营养价值、药用价值和保健功效。在汲取国内外相关研究成果及学术观点的基础上,详细阐述了金针菇的营养价值和保健功效,以及引种驯化、遗传育种和杂交育种等领域的国内外研究进展;指出了开发利用方面存在的不足,展望了资源开发和利用的前景。     

基于超平面构建的高光谱异常目标检测方法

高光谱遥感影像具有光谱分辨率高、图谱合一的特点,影像中的地物组成也多种多样,针对图像数据中目标出现概率较小、检测概率较低等问题,本文提出了基于超平面构建的高光谱数据目标异常检测方法。它通过对高光谱数据的结构分析,构建出高维空间中的背景超平面算子,以待测像元在其正交子空间的投影值来表征异常程度的大小。通过OMIS和AVIRIS实测数据验证,并与RX算法相比较,基于超平面构建的高光谱异常检测算法能够在多种背景环境下检测出纯度高、光谱差异大的异常像元,并具有较高的检测率和较低的虚警率,因此具备了有效性和较好的实用性。     

Variation of Color and Ray Pattern in Juvenile Shells in Hatchery‐produced Freshwater Triangle Pearl Mussels,Hyriopsis cumingii,in China

The variation and inheritance of juvenile shell color and pigmentation pattern in the freshwater mussel, Hyriopsis cumingii, were reported in 1‐yr‐old progeny of eight families. There were three distinctive phenotypes of shell color and pigmentation patterns observed, including a greenish‐brown shell with radial rays, yellowish‐brown shell with radial rays, and yellowish‐brown shell without radial rays. There were no greenish‐brown individuals without radial rays. The shell color phenotypes showed variation with the growth in juvenile Stage I (1–3 cm in shell length), and the percentage of individuals with radial rays increased once they reached a shell length of 11 mm and then stabilized after reaching 20 mm in shell length. Shell color differentiation became more apparent at a shell length of 26 mm. Results of chi‐square tests of the segregation ratio of shell color or ray phenotypes obtained from eight families at juvenile Stage II (6–9 cm in shell length) suggested that greenish‐brown is controlled by a dominant allele (G) and yellowish‐brown‐shell phenotype is by a recessive allele (y); the ray pattern phenotype is controlled by a recessive (r) and a dominant allele (R) at a single locus. Shell color phenotypes may be a useful genetic marker for future selective breeding of triangle pearl mussels.     

Sulfadiazine pharmacokinetics in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) receiving oral and intravenous administrations

This study aimed to examine the bioavailability (BA) and pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of sulfadiazine (SDZ) in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) after oral and intravenous administrations. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points of 0.083, 0.17, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr (n = 6). The samples were extracted and purified by organic reagents and determined by the ultra‐performance liquid chromatography. The software named 3P97 was used to calculate relevant PK parameters. The results demonstrated that the concentration–time profile of SDZ was best described by a one‐compartmental open model with first‐order absorption after a single oral dose. The main PK parameters of the absorption rate constant (K_α), the absorption half‐life (t_{1/2 Kα}), the elimination rate constant (K_e), the elimination half‐life (t_1/2Ke), and the area under concentration–time profile (AUC_0‐∞) were 0.3 1/h, 2.29 hr, 0.039 1/h, 17.64 hr, and 855.78 mg.h/L, respectively. Following intravenous administration, the concentration–time curve fitted to a two‐compartmental open model without absorption. The primary PK parameters of the distribution rate constant (α), the elimination rate constant (β), the distribution half‐life (t_1/2α), the elimination half‐life (t_1/2β), the apparent distribution volume (V_SS), the total clearance (CL), and AUC_0‐∞ were 9.62 1/hr, 0.039 1/hr, 0.072 hr, 17.71 hr, 0.33 L/kg, 0.013 L h^?1 kg^?1, and 386.23 mg.h/L, respectively. Finally, the BA was calculated to be 22.16%. Overall, this study will provide some fundamental information on PK properties in the development of a new formulation SDZ in the future and is partially beneficial for the appropriate usage of SDZ in aquaculture.     

计算机视觉技术在智慧羊场中的研究进展

智慧羊场具有科学化、标准化管理的优点,是羊场转型发展的趋势。计算机视觉技术是人工智能的核心,可以实现非接触性、自动化、实时监测羊的个体信息。本文总结并分析了计算机视觉在羊场的个体识别方法、行为识别方法、体尺与体重估测、疾病监测的研究现状,并指出计算机视觉在智慧羊场的进一步发展趋势。 [关键词] 计算机视觉|智慧羊场|个体识别|行为识别|体尺与体重估测|疾病监测     

2018—2020年湖南省宁乡市牛羊布鲁氏菌病血清学监测

为掌握宁乡市牛羊布鲁氏菌病防控净化效果,2018—2020年在全市开展了牛羊布鲁氏菌病监测工作。共检测1 932个牛羊养殖场户,采集牛羊血清样本32 356份,应用虎红平板凝集试验(RBPT)进行初筛,竞争酶联免疫吸附试验(c ELISA)进行复核。结果显示:2018—2020年共检出阳性场户10个(羊场户9个、牛场户1个),平均场户阳性率为0.52%;检出阳性样品82份,平均个体阳性率为0.25%。2018年场户阳性率为1.57%,个体阳性率为0.33%,2019年场户阳性率为0.15%,个体阳性率为0.06%;2020年场户阳性率为0.24%,个体阳性率为0.41%。2018年检出阳性乡镇5个,2019年1个,2020年2个。结果表明,宁乡市布鲁氏菌病流行得到有效控制,流行范围大幅缩小,但传播风险依然存在,还需继续加大监测和防控力度,加快推进布鲁氏菌病净化。本研究为宁乡市布鲁氏菌病防控提供了数据支撑。     

硅酸盐水泥含量对种基盘特性的影响

种基盘是一种四周有一定硬度的圆柱状空心植物育苗装置.以普通硅酸盐水泥作为基质粘结材料,设置7个浓度(0％,2％、4％、6％、8％、10％、12％,W/W),研究种基盘的抗压强度、保水特性及根系扩展特性.结果 表明:低含水率时,水泥含量越高,基盘抗压强度越高,10％和12％水泥含量显著高于对照.随着水泥含量的增加,水泥基质配方的饱和含水量呈降低的趋势,蒸发失水比呈升高的趋势.水泥含量在10％、12％时,种基盘外壁强度大,中心孔内的根系长度比例高于孔外根系的长度比例,其他处理下,孔外的根系长度比例均高于孔内;随着水泥含量的增加,种基盘中心孔内及孔外根系总长度逐渐降低,总根中不同径级的根系长占总根长的比例为细根远大于中根及粗根.综合硅酸盐水泥处理下种基盘的抗压强度、保水特性及根系扩展特性,水泥含量为2％时效果最好.     

Betaine Alleviates Heat Stress-Induced Hepatic and Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage in Broilers

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary betaine (BET) on growth performance, redox state, and related gene expression in broilers under heat stress (HS). A total of 144 21-day-old male broiler chickens with similar body weights were assigned randomly to three treatments with six replicates (eight chickens per replicate cage). Broilers in the control (CON) group were kept at thermoneutral (TN, 22±1°C) conditions and fed a basal diet until they were 42 days of age. Broilers in the other two groups (defined as HS and HS + BET) were exposed to HS (34±1°C, 8 h/day) and fed the basal diet without or with 1000 mg/kg BET, respectively. Rectal and cockscomb temperature of broilers was increased (P<0.05) in HS and HS + BET groups compared with the CON group, whereas there was no difference between HS and HS + BET groups. Dietary BET supplementation restored (P<0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of broilers and reversed (P<0.05) the increase in serum alanine transaminase (ALT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the liver tissue of broilers under HS. The HS + BET group had higher (P<0.05) activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in the liver tissue and mitochondria than the HS group, and the same pattern was observed for glutathione (GSH) and GSH/glutathione disulphide (GSSG) in the liver tissue. The decreased mRNA levels of GPX1 and uncoupling protein (UCP) in the liver induced by HS were restored by BET supplementation. In conclusion, dietary BET supplementation can alleviate HS-induced hepatic and mitochondrial oxidative damage of broilers by regulating mRNA expressions of GPX1 and UCP.     

部分地区猪细环病毒1型感染的流行情况调查

猪细环病毒1型是近年来发现的又一种环状DNA病毒,可能存在潜在致病作用。为了初步了解其流行情况,用PCR技术和ELISA技术对来自京津冀、华东与华南地区578头保育猪血清样品进行了检测。结果显示,猪细环病毒1型的核酸与抗体的猪场阳性率均为100%;核酸阳性率为73.88%,抗体阳性率为78.72%,二者之间无显著差异（P>0.05）。进一步分析发现,猪细环病毒1型的核酸阳性率和抗体阳性率都超过50%的猪场达到86.67%,都超过80%的占53.33%。调查结果表明,猪细环病毒1型感染在我国部分地区普遍流行,其在多数猪场的感染率很高。     

寒冷地区草原有毒有害牧草监测与防治

草原是内蒙古地区草食畜牧养殖产业健康发展的基础,同时也是优质牧草的主要来源。有毒有害牧草生长扩散预示着草场退化,对当地草食畜牧养殖产业健康发展会造成毁灭性打击。有毒有害植物生长发育,不仅会危害牲畜健康且还会严重消耗土壤的水分和养分,妨碍优良牧草繁殖生长,使草场产量和质量显著下降。在长时间草场利用过程中,很多农牧民群众只注重索取,不注重生态环境保护,使草场生产能力和抵抗能力逐渐变差,给有毒有害牧草繁殖生长提供了条件。因此需要加强寒冷地区草原有毒有害牧草的监测,并采取针对性措施进行防控,降低发病率。该文主要探讨内蒙古呼伦贝尔市寒冷地区草原有毒有害牧草的种类,并提出相应的防治措施。