HACCP在酸奶生产中的应用

HACCP即“危害分析和关键控制点”,是Hazard Analysis Critical Contril Point英文的首字母缩写。运用HACCP体系可以防患于未然,对于可能发生的问题便于采取预防措施,通过此体系来减低,甚至防止各类食品污染(包括生物性、化学性和物理性三方面)。实施HACCP体系可以根据实际情况采取简单、直观、可操作性强的检验方法,如外观、温度和时间等进行控制。     

The production of short chain fatty acid and colonic development in weaning piglets

Weaning process widely affects the small intestinal structure and function in piglets, while the responses of large intestine to weaning stress are still obscure. The purpose of this study was to determine the developmental changes (i.e., short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations, growth parameters, crypt‐related indices and antioxidant capacity) in colon of piglet during weaning. Forty piglets were weaned at day 21 and euthanized to collect colonic tissues and digesta samples on day 0, 1, 3, 7 and 14 post‐weaning (n = 8). Piglet growth performance was improved (p < .001) on day 7 and 14 post‐weaning. The concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, isobutyrate, isovalerate and total SCFAs were higher (p < .001) during the late post‐weaning period. The mRNA abundances of SCFAs transporters were greater (p < .001) on day 7 and 14. The absolute and relative weights, absolute length and perimeter of colon were greater (p < .001) on day 7 and 14. Similarly, post‐weaning increases (p < .001) in colonic crypt depth and Ki67 positive cells numbers per crypt were observed during the same period. Colonic crypt fission indices decreased (p < .01), while total crypt numbers increased (p < .001) on day 14 after weaning. Moreover, total SCFAs concentration was significantly associated with colonic growth parameters and Ki67 cells/crypt (p < .001). In addition, catalase content was decreased on day 3, 7, and 14, whereas, the concentrations of total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) and manganese‐containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) were higher (p < .05) on day 1 and 3 post‐weaning. These results showed that weaning process has a significant effect on colonic growth and development, which might be associated with the change of SCFAs concentrations in colon.     

山羊卵母细胞体成熟培养条件的研究

从山羊屠宰场收取卵母细胞，置于39％、5％CO2的培养箱中，作24小时体外成熟培养。在含10％犊牛血清(FCS)的成熟培养液里分别添加0％、20％~N卵泡液，试验结果表明，成熟卵母细胞率分别为54．5％、66．7％，差异不显著。在成熟培养液里添加不同血清，即10％犊牛血清(FCS)和羊血清(NGS)，试验结果表明，成熟卵母细胞率分别为54．5％、65.4％，差异不显著。     

饲料用玉米加工中的HACCP体系的建立与应用

饲料的安全性直接影响到动物产品的质量安全。依据国际先进的HACCP质量管理体系,对饲料用玉米加工过程中主要危害因素进行分析,确定出原料接收、原料贮藏、原料清理、原料研磨、添加剂、包装环节为关键控制点(CCP),并提出相应的控制措施,可以有效控制饲料用玉米安全性和产品质量,减少产品的安全风险,为饲料用玉米质量安全控制提供借鉴。     

Prevalence and risk factors associated with intestinal parasites in pigs in Chongqing, China

From 2007 to 2009, the prevalence of intestinal parasites was investigated in intensive and extensive pig farms in Chongqing, China. A total of 2971 samples from both sexes and five age categories (breeding boars, breeding sows, fatteners, growers and weaners) were evaluated by standard methods for the presence of helminth ova and protozoan oocysts, cysts and/or trophozoites. Of the 2971 pigs sampled, 362(12.18%) were infected with Ascaris suum, 301(10.13%) with Trichuris suis, 301(10.13%) with Oesophagostomum spp., 491(16.53%) with Eimeria spp., 149(5.02%) with Isopora suis, 677(22.79%) with Balantidium coli and 196(6.60%) with Cryptosporidium spp. Growers had the highest infection rate while breeding boars had the lowest among the five age categories. B. coli was the most common protozoan in all pig age groups. Pigs infected with multiple parasites were common. Risk factors such as management methods, seasons, ages, etc. can influence the infection rate to a certain degree. This investigation provides relevant data about risk factors for pig farmers, thus allowing them to make more appropriate antiparasitic treatments according to farm conditions and local climate in Chongqing.     

Preparation and pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium liposomes in cows

Liu, S., Guo, D., Guo, Y., Zhou, W. Preparation and pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium liposomes in cows. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 34 , 35–41. The objective of this study was to prepare ceftiofur sodium liposomes and assess their physical properties, stability, antibacterial effects, and pharmacokinetics. These liposomes appeared as a milky, light yellow suspension with encapsulation efficiency at 57.2 ± 1.17%, and there were no significant changes in all estimated indexes at 4 °C for 90 days. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of liposomes were all 1/4th that of ceftiofur sodium against Streptococcus suis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enteritidis. Six healthy, adult cows in two treatment groups were dosed intravenously with ceftiofur sodium liposomes and ceftiofur sodium, serial blood samples collected, and plasma concentrations determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Intravenous plasma concentration profiles of liposomes best fit a two‐compartment model and the elimination half‐life was 2.11 times that of ceftiofur sodium. Thus, this liposome preparation provided therapeutically effective plasma concentrations for a longer duration than with the drug alone, making it more effective and convenient for use in treating bovine mastitis that requires long duration maintenance of therapeutic plasma concentrations.     

Prevalence and age-related variation of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in dairy calves

Fifteen dairy farms in seven states on the east coast of the US were each visited on two consecutive years to determinate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in pre-weaned (5 days to 2 months) and post-weaned calves (3-11 months), respectively. After each of 971 fecal specimens collected directly from each calf was sieved and subjected to density gradient centrifugation to remove debris and concentrate oocysts, specimens were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For all PCR-positive specimens the 18S rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium was sequenced. Cryptosporidium was identified from all farms. Types of housing appeared to have no influence with regard to prevalence of infection. Of 971 calves, 345 were infected with Cryptosporidium (35.5%), but more pre-weaned calves (253 of 503; 50.3%) than post-weaned calves (92 of 468; 19.7%) were found to be infected. A total of 278 PCR-positive specimens characterized by gene sequencing revealed Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium andersoni, and two unnamed Cryptosporidium genotypes Bovine B (AY120911) and deer-like genotype (AY120910). The prevalence of these Cryptosporidium species and genotypes appeared to be age related between pre- and post-weaned calves. C. parvum, the only zoonotic species/genotype, constituted 85% of the Cryptosporidium infections in pre-weaned calves but only 1% of the Cryptosporidium infections in post-weaned calves. These findings clearly demonstrate that earlier reports on the presence and prevalence of C. parvum in post-weaned cattle that were based solely on oocyst morphology must be reassessed using molecular methods to validate species and genotype. This finding also indicates that persons handling or otherwise exposed to calves under 2 months of age are at greater risk of zoonotic infection from Cryptosporidium than the risk of infection from exposure to older calves.     

猪β_2-肾上腺素能受体初级克隆质粒的改造与鉴定

猪 β2 肾上腺素能受体 (beta2 adrenergicreceptor,β2 AR)基因初级克隆质粒 (pMDAR)在 β2 AR基因 5′端外侧含有 2个EcoRⅠ酶切位点。用EcoRⅠ酶切消化和T4DNA连接酶连接后 ,获得了具有EcoRⅠ单一酶切位点的改造质粒。对经过修饰后的质粒进行了多酶切和 β2 AR基因片段回切等方法鉴定。     

谷氨酰胺与早期断奶仔猪的营养

文章综述了谷氨酰胺对早期断奶仔猪肠道黏膜结构和功能、肠道局部免疫以及生产性能的影响。     

Polymorphism of the DQA2 gene in goats

Variation in the caprine DQA2 gene was investigated using PCR-single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and DNA sequencing. Eleven DQA2 alleles were defined by SSCP patterns from 23 goats. All the caprine alleles shared high sequence homology to ovine DQA2 sequences, and exhibited a pattern of polymorphism similar to DQA2 alleles from sheep and cattle but different from caprine DQA1 sequences. Thirty-eight AA positions in the alpha1 domain of caprine DQA2 molecules were polymorphic, and a high degree of polymorphism was observed in the putative antigen-binding region, with 74% of the positions being polymorphic. Phylogenetic analysis of caprine, ovine, and bovine DQA sequences revealed that the caprine DQA2 sequences identified here grouped with ovine DQA2, bovine DQA2, DQA3, and DQA4 sequences but are separate from the group of caprine DQA1 alleles. Nine of the caprine DQA2 sequences were more similar to ovine DQA2 alleles, whereas the remaining two were more closely related to ovine DQA2-like and bovine DQA3 alleles. This finding suggests that the caprine DQA2 sequences may represent two loci, which probably arose by either gene duplication or gene conversion events. Allelic lineages were evident for both DQA2 and DQA2-like loci, supporting the trans-species mode of evolution of major histocompatibilitly complex genes. The high level of polymorphism and similarity between caprine and ovine DQA2 alleles suggests that the DQA2 gene may play an important role in immune responses to shared pathogens.