Tillage, cover crops, and nitrogen fertilization effects on soil nitrogen and cotton and sorghum yields

Sustainable soil and crop management practices that reduce soil erosion and nitrogen (N) leaching, conserve soil organic matter, and optimize cotton and sorghum yields still remain a challenge. We examined the influence of three tillage practices (no-till, strip till and chisel till), four cover crops {legume [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth)], nonlegume [rye (Secaele cereale L.)], vetch/rye biculture and winter weeds or no cover crop}, and three N fertilization rates (0, 60–65 and 120–130 kg N ha⁻¹) on soil inorganic N content at the 0–30 cm depth and yields and N uptake of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. A field experiment was conducted on Dothan sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Plinthic Paleudults) from 1999 to 2002 in Georgia, USA. Nitrogen supplied by cover crops was greater with vetch and vetch/rye biculture than with rye and weeds. Soil inorganic N at the 0–10 and 10–30 cm depths increased with increasing N rate and were greater with vetch than with rye and weeds in April 2000 and 2002. Inorganic N at 0–10 cm was also greater with vetch than with rye in no-till, greater with vetch/rye than with rye and weeds in strip till, and greater with vetch than with rye and weeds in chisel till. In 2000, cotton lint yield and N uptake were greater in no-till with rye or 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in other treatments, but biomass (stems + leaves) yield and N uptake were greater with vetch and vetch/rye than with rye or weeds, and greater with 60 and 120 than with 0 kg N ha⁻¹. In 2001, sorghum grain yield, biomass yield, and N uptake were greater in strip till and chisel till than in no-till, and greater in vetch and vetch/rye with or without N than in rye and weeds with 0 or 65 kg N ha⁻¹. In 2002, cotton lint yield and N uptake were greater in chisel till, rye and weeds with 0 or 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in other treatments, but biomass N uptake was greater in vetch/rye with 60 kg N ha⁻¹ than in rye and weeds with 0 or 60 kg N ha⁻¹. Increased N supplied by hairy vetch or 120–130 kg N ha⁻¹ increased soil N availability, sorghum grain yield, cotton and sorghum biomass yields, and N uptake but decreased cotton lint yield and lint N uptake compared with rye, weeds or 0 kg N ha⁻¹. Cotton and sorghum yields and N uptake can be optimized and potentials for soil erosion and N leaching can be reduced by using conservation tillage, such as no-till or strip till, with vetch/rye biculture cover crop and 60–65 kg N ha⁻¹. The results can be applied in regions where cover crops can be grown in the winter to reduce soil erosion and N leaching and where tillage intensity and N fertilization rates can be minimized to reduce the costs of energy requirement for tillage and N fertilization while optimizing crop production.     

毛白杨85号高效遗传转化系统的建立

在建立以毛白杨85号( Populus tomentosa 85)叶片为外植体的再生系统基础上,从预培养时间、浸染菌液浓度、浸染时间、共培养时间及添加AS(乙酰丁香酮)5个方面,以卡那霉素抗性植株作为转化率的衡量指标,研究了各因素对毛白杨85号遗传转化率的影响,建立了高效的遗传转化系统。筛选的高效转化系统为：农杆菌活化菌液用MS液体培养基稀释10倍,浸染5min,共培养4d。毛白杨85号叶盘转化率可达40.0%。该研究为利用叶盘法开展毛白杨85号基因转化培育抗逆新品种奠定了良好基础。     

新疆内陆干旱区不同灌水量对长绒棉光合特性的影响

为探索新疆内陆干旱区不同灌水量对长绒棉新海14号光合特性的影响,利用小区试验,在5种灌水量（W）条件下,对其光合特性进行研究。结果表明：灌水量为7650m3/hm2时,叶片净光合速率日变化呈单峰曲线;随着灌水量的降低,其净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线。新海14号的光补偿点为50μmol/m2·s;灌水量为2850m3/hm2时,其光饱和点为310μmol/m2·s,灌水量为5475m3/hm2以上时,其光饱和点为1280μmol/m2·s。叶片的净光合速率及蒸腾速率随灌水量的升高而增加,气孔阻力随灌水量的升高而降低。水分利用效率随着灌水量的降低而提高,呈极显著负相关;棉花产量对灌水量极为敏感。净光合速率与蒸腾速率呈显著正相关,与气孔阻力呈极显著负相关;蒸腾速率与气孔阻力呈显著负相关。新海14号的光合作用最适宜灌水量为6945m3/hm2;灌溉的临界值为5250m3/hm2     

杂交狼尾草对草鱼肉脂肪酸组成的影响

实验表明,在配合饲料和杂交狼尾草比例为11(干物质比例)条件下养殖的草鱼与全配合饲料养殖的草鱼在背肌脂肪酸组成的对比中,饲草鱼多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的相对含量为(40.18±1.36)%,是饲料鱼(21.64±0.9g)%的1.86倍.饲草鱼n-3 PUFA的相对含量为(14.72±1.27)%,是饲料鱼(2.43±0.49)%的6.06倍.其中,最明显的是饲草鱼183n-3的相对含量(10.27±1.21)%是饲料鱼(1.01±0.02)%的10.17倍.实验也对比了杂交狼尾草叶片与饲料脂肪酸组成的差异.发现在杂交狼尾草(叶片)的脂肪酸组成中183n-3的含量高达(66.23±0.16)%.而在饲料中183n-3的含量仅为(4.34±0.03)%.杂交狼尾草和饲料中未检测到EPA和DHA.草鱼利用杂交狼尾草中丰富的183n-3生物转化生成了EPA和DHA,从而显著提高了饲草鱼鱼肉中n-3 PUFA的含量,促进草鱼生长发育、提高抗病能力,改善鱼肉品质.     

淀粉的回生特性研究进展

淀粉的回生特性对于高含淀粉的食品原料加工食品的品质有重要的影响,同时淀粉本身作为食品添加剂,其回生特性对相应加工食品的贮存期品质变化也有较大的影响.介绍了大米淀粉、玉米淀粉、小麦淀粉、薯类淀粉回生特性的国内外研究概况,并对发展前景进行了展望.     

温度和降水对云南玉溪水稻生产的影响

为了解水稻不同生长阶段气温和降水因子对水稻生产的影响,利用玉溪市红塔区农业气象观测站1980—2011年水稻生长期、产量及其构成因素的观测资料,分析了水稻各生长阶段天数、产量及其构成因素与同期气温和降水量的关系。结果表明：除孕穗—抽穗期,降水量与水稻其他各生长阶段天数呈显著正相关,以分蘖—孕穗期（r=0.6362,P>0.01）和移栽—分蘖期（r=0.4247,P>0.05）受降水限制最大。移栽—分蘖期平均气温、最高气温和最低气温,以及分蘖—孕穗期和乳熟—成熟期日较差与相应阶段天数呈显著负相关。穗粒数是影响水稻产量的主要构成因素,其与孕穗—乳熟期气温呈正相关。结实率与乳熟—成熟期最高气温和温差呈显著负相关,与最低气温和降水量呈显著正相关。千粒重与孕穗—成熟期气温呈负相关。水稻产量与移栽—分蘖期最高气温和日较差呈显著负相关,与降水量呈显著正相关,且丰年这3个因子与平年和歉年也有较大差异。结果说明,移栽—孕穗期水稻生产主要受降水的限制,孕穗—成熟期则主要受气温的影响,较高的气温促进穗粒数的增加,较大的温差促进物质的积累,对提高水稻产量较为有利。     

不同磷效率基因型大豆对干旱胁迫的反应

在控制水分的条件下,通过盆栽试验,研究了不同磷效率基因型大豆的根系面积、根系活力、净光合速率、渗透调节物质、产量等.结果表明:在磷和水分供应充足的情况下,两个基因型大豆生理活性表现极强;低磷和干旱胁迫下,磷高效基因型细胞膜稳定性较强,能较好地维持细胞膨压,保证其正常的生理过程.磷高效基因型在低磷和干旱胁迫下具有生长的优势,以较高的根系活力、光合作用、渗透调节物质等提高生理活性抑制和减少低磷胁迫所造成的不利影响,从而提高磷素营养和水分利用效率,启动自身的自我保护机制维持生长优势,表现出较强的抵御低磷和干旱胁迫的能力;磷低效基因型主要通过增加根系面积等形态变化来适应低磷和干旱胁迫,这就决定其适宜在供磷充分的条件下生长.     

咖啡短体线虫分子鉴定

本实验采用单条线虫法提取DNA,rDNA-ITS-PCR技术扩增目的片段(ITS1、5.8S、ITS2和部分的18S和28S),将此片段纯化回收,克隆测序分析,与GenBank比对,结果为:该种群的基因序列与AY561436(基因库编号)的相似度为92.3%,与AB053485的相似度为91.3%.分子鉴定结果与形态鉴定该线虫为咖啡短体线虫.     

转Bt基因抗虫棉中棉所30的碳、氮代谢特征

本试验在田间条件下研究了转Bt基因抗虫棉中棉所30的碳、氮代谢特征,于各主要生育期测定了棉株地上部营养器官的全N、非蛋白质N和可溶性糖及淀粉含量.研究结果表明,与轮回亲本中棉所16相比,中棉所30苗蕾期的C/N较低,非蛋白质N含量较高,N代谢比较旺盛;初花期至盛花期的C/N则较高,C代谢明显加强;进入结铃早期,中棉所30叶片中可溶性糖、淀粉及营养体中非蛋白质N的含量均下降,反映出其"根源”和"叶源”的功能已减弱,表现出早衰迹象.为了改善转Bt基因抗虫棉中棉所30的生育状况,提高其产量和品质,"促源”是根本.     

获得抗稻瘟病和纹枯病的转多基因水稻

将多个抗真菌病基因连同筛选基因hpt一起导入一水稻品种中，共获得49个独立的整合有1～4个抗真菌病基因的转基因植株系。转基因植株中几丁质酶的酶活均高于非转化对照植株，且转多个几丁质酶基因或与β-1，3-葡聚糖酶基因一起的转基因植株较转单个几丁质酶基因的植株有更高的酶活性。抗病试验表明，这些不同组合的R2代转基因