生物柴油Fe_2(SO_4)_3—Al_2O_3固体酸催化剂的制备

为了解决硫酸铁催化制备生物柴油过程中存在的回收难和部分溶于水等问题,制备了Fe2(SO4)3—Al2O3负载型固体酸催化剂。考察了负载量、焙烤温度、焙烤时间对催化剂活性的影响。结果表明,负载量20%的催化剂在300℃下,焙烤超过4h,活性最高,延长焙烤时间对催化剂活性没有显著影响。对不同焙烤温度下的催化剂进行了扫描电镜、能谱和X射线衍射分析,结果显示300℃下,焙烤的催化剂具有最小的晶粒;超过300℃,催化剂上的Fe2(SO4)3组分开始分解。     

Optimizing the Proportions of Plant Protein Ingredients in the Diet of Juvenile Blunt Snout Bream,Megalobrama amblycephala

An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the influence of different proportions of dietary plant ingredients on the growth of juvenile blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. A 2 × 3 factorial arrangement was set for this trial with three ratios of cottonseed meal (CSM) and canola meal (CM) (2:1, 1:1, or 1:2) and three proportions of soybean meal (SBM) (2, 1, or 0). The results showed that the specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio both significantly decreased with decreasing amounts of SBM in the diets of blunt snout bream (P < 0.05), while the feed efficiency ratio and feed intake increased significantly (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the growth performance and feed utilization were shown to improve with increasing amounts of CSM, although the effects were not significant (P > 0.05). The interaction of these two factors had no effect on either growth or feed utilization (P > 0.05). Diet composition was not seen to affect body composition (P > 0.05). The ratio of CSM to CM significantly affected gut amylase activity, liver alanine aminotransferase content, and plasma cholesterol levels (P < 0.05). The interaction between the two main effects significantly influenced the plasma glucose level (P < 0.05). Therefore, the suitable proportion of plant feed for blunt snout bream should include high levels of SBM and CSM, with a SBM : CSM : CM ratio of 2:2:1.     

玉米秸秆不同还田方式对黑钙土物理性质和产量的影响

为提高东北玉米集约化生产区秸秆资源利用和培肥土壤,采用大区对比试验,设置常规栽培(对照)、秸秆覆盖还田、秸秆粉碎旋耕还田和秸秆翻埋还田,采用常规方法探索半干旱地区玉米秸秆对土壤物理性质及产量的影响。结果表明:常规栽培方式(对照)土壤容重最大,为1.38g·cm~(-3),其次为覆盖还田、翻埋还田和旋耕还田,与对照相比分别降低了3.00%、8.06%和7.46%。0~20cm土层,吐丝期翻埋还田处理土壤含水量分别比常规栽培、覆盖还田、旋耕还田高12.20%、7.35%和16.30%;成熟期翻埋还田土壤含水量分别比常规栽培、覆盖还田和旋耕还田高18.52%、17.64%和22.63%。20~40cm土层,吐丝期翻埋还田土壤含水量分别比常规栽培、覆盖还田和旋耕还田高14.90%、13.73%和15.82%;成熟期翻埋还田土壤含水量分别比常规栽培、覆盖还田和旋耕还田高14.98%、14.66%和17.82%。覆盖还田处理的行粒数最大,其它还田方式略低。不同方式秸秆还田各处理间玉米产量存在一定差异,其年平均产量最高为秸秆翻埋还田,较对照提高9.6%。     

不同栽培技术对马铃薯水份利用率的影响

在三种不同的栽培技术中,地膜覆盖平均WUE为1.69kg/mm较平作平均WUE1.26kg/mm提高34.13%水分利用率,垄作平均WUE为1.47kg/mm较平作提高16.67%水分利用率,脱毒马铃薯的平均WUE为1.60kg/mm,未脱毒马铃薯的平均WUE为1.34kg/mm,水分利用率提高19.35%。平作种植方式马铃薯现蕾至成熟期需水量占整个生育期到90%左右;垄作种植方式76.86~83.3%;地膜覆盖种植方式73.08~77.08%,垄作与地膜覆盖后马铃薯水分的利用趋于合理。进行地膜覆盖和垄作后能使植株健壮,单窝薯重,大中薯商品薯率高,从而提高马铃薯的产量。     

温度对中国对虾幼体生长发育与消化酶活力的影响↑（*）

本文通过计数、称重和酶学分析的实验方法研究温度对中国对虾幼体生长发育与消化酶活力的影响。实验表明，温度对中国对虾各期幼体的存活率、变态率和增重量及三种消化酶活力有明显的影响，呈一个峰值变化。在实验温度范围内随着幼体发育，温度对存活率的影响逐渐减弱，对增重量影响逐渐增大。还表明温度对其各期幼体消化酶活力的影响与食性有关，各期幼体的三种消化酶活力对环境温度有各自的适应性，适温范围为２２－２８℃，而且在幼体发育过程中，其适宜温度逐渐上升。     

Induction effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and detoxification enzymes of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

BACKGROUND: The polyphagous B‐biotype Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) has developed a high resistance to commonly used insecticides in China. To illustrate the induced changes by host plant, bioassay and biochemical research on five different host populations were investigated. RESULTS: Except for bifenthrin, all tested insecticides showed lower toxicity to the B. tabaci poinsettia population compared with other host populations. Moreover, four insecticides, the exceptions being abamectin and fipronil, showed highest toxicity towards the tomato population. The LC₅₀ values of the poinsettia population, particularly towards acetamiprid, were 14.8‐, 10.3‐ and 7.29‐fold higher than those of tomato, cucumber and cabbage respectively. The CarE activities of B. tabaci cabbage and cucumber populations were all significantly higher than those of poinsettia, cotton and tomato populations. The ratio of the cabbage population was 1.97‐, 1.79‐ and 1.30‐fold higher than that of poinsettia, cotton and tomato respectively. The frequency profiles for this activity also have obvious differences. The GST and P450 activities of the cucumber population were the lowest in the five host populations. CONCLUSION: Long‐term induction of host plants for B‐biotype B. tabaci could influence their susceptibilities to several insecticides. Rational selection and usage of insecticides for particular hosts will be helpful for resistance management and control of this species. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of composite antimicrobial peptide on growth performance and health in weaned piglets

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of composite antimicrobial peptide (CAP) on growth performance and health status in weaned piglets. Over 28 days, 36 weaned piglets (body weight, 10.58 ± 0.99 kg) underwent three treatments: negative control (NC, basal diet), positive control (PC, basal diet + 20 mg/kg colistin sulphate + 50 mg/kg kitasamycin), and CAP treatment (CAP, basal diet with 400 mg/kg CAP). Average daily gain of piglets fed the CAP diet was greater (P < 0.05) than that of piglets fed the PC or NC diet during days 1–7, 8–14 and 15–21. Diarrhea rates of piglets fed the CAP or PC diet were lower (P < 0.05) than those of NC‐fed piglets during days 1–7. Apparent total tract digestibility for dry matter and crude ash in CAP‐fed piglets was greater (P < 0.05) than that of NC‐fed piglets. In the CAP group, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium counts were greater (P < 0.05) and Escherichia coli counts were lower (P < 0.05) than numbers for the NC group. Our results indicate that dietary CAP had beneficial effects on growth performance and health status in weaned piglets.     

虾类肌肉白浊病病原和病理的研究进展

本文针对虾类肌肉白浊病易感染的罗氏沼虾、凡纳滨对虾、中国对虾进行了分析。从病毒、细菌、寄生虫和环境因素方面,总结了近十几年来虾类肌肉白浊病的病原和病理特征。归纳了虾类肌肉白浊病的流行病学、检测方法及综合防治。     

新疆大叶紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa.L)子叶、下胚轴、根的植株再生

随着植物抗逆性研究和植物转基因技术的发展,通过异源目的基因转化培育耐盐碱苜蓿品种的研究已引起人们的关注,植物受体高频再生体系的建立是异源转化高效的基础。选取新疆大叶紫花苜蓿种子萌发5～7d无菌苗的子叶、下胚轴及根为外植体,诱导愈伤培养基为MS 2,4-D0.1～3.0mg/L(8种不同水平)或MS 2,4-D2.0mg/L KT0.01～0.5mg/L(10种不同水平),诱导芽培养基为MS 6-BA0.5mg/L NAA0.05mg/L,生根培养基为MS。结果表明,外植体在MS 2,4-D2.0mg/L KT0.2mg/L培养基中能够产生状态较好可再分化的愈伤组织,子叶、下胚轴、根的平均出愈率分别为93.1%、100%、100%。愈伤组织在MS 6-BA0.5mg/L NAA0.05mg/L培养基中培养40～80d中均可分化芽,子叶、下胚轴、根的芽平均分化率为50%、78%、50%,将2cm以上的芽转入MS培养基中诱导生根,14d后,生根的小植株炼苗移入花土中,成活率达90%以上。子叶、下胚轴、根在该体系中均能获得再生植株,根也是一种较好的植株再生材料,以根为外植体进行植株再生的研究报道还较少。     

Osteological development and anomalies in larval stage of hatchery‐reared yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco

Comprehensive knowledge of osteological development of fish not only provides means for understanding its functional development, but also allows early detection of skeletal anomalies. The present study was conducted to determine osteological development and occurrence of anomalies from the first to the 40th day after hatching (DAH) for yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, a commercially important species in China. Vertebral ontogeny started with formation of anterior neural arches at 3 DAH, and completed at 6 DAH. Vertebral centra started to develop at 4 DAH and ossification in all centra was visible at 15 DAH. Caudal fin appeared at 2 DAH and ossification was visible at 26 DAH. The onset of dorsal and anal fins appeared at 4 DAH and their ossifications were visible at 20 DAH. Pectoral fins were present before first feeding and formed entirely at 9 DAH, and their ossifications were visible at 21 DAH. Pelvic fins appeared at 9 DAH, and formed completely at 21 DAH. The ossification of pelvic fins was not finished until the end of the experiment (40 DAH). 24 types of skeletal anomalies were observed. About 20% of individuals showed at least one anomaly. Haemal vertebrae anomalies occurred at the highest frequency, followed by pre‐haemal, caudal vertebrae and anal fin anomalies, and caudal fin had the lowest anomalies frequency. For the first time, our study determined osteological development and anomalies incidence in larval yellow catfish, which help further investigations into rearing conditions leading to appearance of these anomalies to prevent their incidence.