泥石流滩地土地生产潜力评价——以云南小江流域蒋家沟为例

小江流域泥石流滩地水源充足、热量丰富,气候生产潜力(47641kghm-2)较高。本文应用加权指数和法确定了不同类型泥石流滩地(荒滩地、改良滩地和非改良滩地)土壤有效系数f(s)分别为0.405、0.684和0.594;根据生产力阶乘公式计算其气候—土壤生产潜力分别为19295kghm-2、32586kghm-2和28299kghm-2。通过实地调查验证,本文对泥石流滩地生产潜力的估算与现实生产力水平基本吻合,证明本文提出的泥石流滩地土壤有效系数切实可行。     

Neural network ensemble residual kriging application for spatial variability of soil properties

High quality, agricultural nutrient distribution maps are necessary for precision management, but depend on initial soil sample analyses and interpolation techniques. To examine the methodologies for and explore the capability of interpolating soil properties based on neural network ensemble residual kriging, a silage field at Hayes, Northern Ireland, UK, was selected for this study with all samples being split into independent training and validation data sets. The training data set, comprised of five soil properties: soil pH, soil available P, soil available K, soil available Mg and soil available S,was modeled for spatial variability using 1) neural network ensemble residual kriging, 2) neural network ensemble and 3) kriging with their accuracies being estimated by means of the validation data sets. Ordinary kriging of the residuals provided accurate local estimates, while final estimates were produced as a sum of the artificial neural network (ANN) ensemble estimates and the ordinary kriging estimates of the residuals. Compared to kriging and neural network ensemble,the neural network ensemble residual kriging achieved better or similar accuracy for predicting and estimating contour maps. Thus, the results demonstrated that ANN ensemble residual kriging was an efficient alternative to the conventional geo-statistical models that were usually used for interpolation of a data set in the soil science area.     

农作物的红边特征与农学参数的关系

The hyperspectral reflectance of the canopy and the leaves on the main stem for six varieties, two each of rice, corn, and cotton crops, were measured at different growth stages with an ASD FieldSpec Pro FR^TM to analyze red edge characteristics for leaf area indices (LAI), aboveground biomass, as well as the chlorophyll, carotenoid, and nitrogen content, emphasizing comparative differences on the red edge parameters. The results showed a ‘double peak' phenomenon for the red edge of the canopy spectra but not for the leaves. There were ‘increase' and ‘decrease' change rules for the red edge position, λ_r, the red edge slope, Dλ_r, and the red edge area, S_r, of the canopy spectra for all 3 crops with a ‘blue shift' for λ_r of the leaf spectra for all 3 crops as the development stages progressed. For rice, corn, and cotton the LAI and fresh leaf mass had highly significant correlations (P < 0.01) so the red edge parameters λ_r, Dλ_r, and S_r of their canopy spectra. Additionally, for all crops the chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content of the leaves all had highly significant (P < 0.01) correlations to their λ_r. For rice, the nitrogen content of the leaves in g kg^-1 and phytomass for a unit area of land in g m^-2 also had a highly significant (P < 0.01) correlation to λ_r, Dλ_r, and S_r of the canopy spectra.     

不同施肥措施对小麦－玉米轮作中作物产量和土壤肥力的影响

A 15-year field experiment was carried out in Henan Province, China, to study the effects of different fertilization practices on yield of a wheat-maize rotation. Fertilizers tested contained N alone (N), N plus P (NP) or plus P and K (NPK), all with or without manure (M). Different long-term fertilization practices affected the yields under the rotation system of wheat and maize differently and the effects on yields was in a general trend of MNPK＞MNP＞MN＞NPK＞NP＞M＞N＞the control. The average contribution rate of soil fertility to the highest yield was 37.9%, and the rest 62.1% came from fertilizer applications. The yield effects of the chemical fertilizers were in the order of N＞P＞K and were increased by application of manure.Balanced fertilization with multielement chemical fertilizers and manure can be effective in maintaining growth in agricultural production. Combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic manure also increased the content of soil organic matter.     

延安生态农业建设示范区果树资源及其合理利用

延安生态农业建设示范区有野生果树33种,半栽培果树有2种,栽培果树有15种,可引入的果树有5种。示范区果树资源以蔷薇科为主,有野生果树15种,半栽培果树有1种,栽培果树有10种。栽培果树以苹果为主。野生果树以山桃、山杏、酸枣和文冠果等为主,其利用价值较高。该示范区栽培果树树种、品种搭配不够合理,单产低,急需调整、提高。     

源于松针的可溶性有机物对土壤多环芳烃吸附和解吸行为的影响研究

Study of the relationship between plant litter-derived dissolved organic matter（DOM） and organic pollutant transport in soil is important for understanding the role of forest litter carbon cycling in influencing pollutant behaviour and fate in forest soil.With the aim of providing insight into the capacity of plant litter-derived DOM to influence sorption and desorption of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs） on soil, batch experiments were carried out with application of a sorption-desorption model incorporating DOM effects. Freshly fallen pine（Pinus elliottii） needles were used as the source of organic matter. Input of the pine needle litter-derived DOM was found to significantly decrease desorption hysteresis as well as soil adsorption capacity of phenanthrene（PHE） and fluoranthene（FLA）. Addition of 1 728 mg L-1dissolved organic carbon（DOC） lowered the organic carbon-normalized sorption distribution coefficient of PHE from 7 776 to 2 541 L kg-1C and of FLA from 11 503 to 4 368 L kg-1C. Decreases of the apparent sorption-desorption distribution coefficients of PHE and FLA with increased DOC concentration indicated that DOM favored desorption of PAHs from soil. Increases in the fraction of apparently dissolved PAHs were attributable to the dissolved PAH-DOM complexes, accounting for the dissolved proportions of 39% to 69% for PHE and 26% to 72% for FLA in the sorption and desorption processes as the concentration of the added DOM solution rose from 0 to 1 728 mg L-1. Our results suggest that pine needle litterderived DOM can have a substantial effect of inhibiting PAHs sorption and promoting PAHs desorption, thus leading to enhanced leaching in soil, which should be taken into account in risk assessment of PAHs accumulated in forest soil.     

肥料重金属含量状况及施肥对土壤和作物重金属富集的影响

本文对肥料中重金属的含量状况以及施肥对土壤和农作物重金属累积影响的研究进展进行了系统分析和总结。过磷酸钙中锌（Zn）、 铜（Cu）、 镉（Cd）、 铅（Pb）含量高于氮肥、 钾肥和三元复合肥,有机-无机复混肥料中的Pb含量高于其他化肥。有机肥如畜禽粪便、 污泥及其堆肥中的重金属含量高于化肥,猪粪中的Cu、 Zn、 砷（As）、 Cd含量明显高于其他有机废弃物,鸡粪中铬（Cr）含量高;污泥和垃圾堆肥中Pb或汞（Hg）含量高。商品有机肥Zn、 Pb和镍（Ni）含量高于堆肥,Hg含量高于畜禽粪便。多数研究表明,氮磷钾配施与不施肥相比土壤Cd和Pb含量增加,施用有机肥比不施肥提高土壤Cu、 Zn、 Pb、 Cd含量。施用化肥对农作物重金属富集的影响不明确,而施用有机肥可提高作物可食部位Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Pb 的含量,影响大小与有机肥种类、 用量、 土壤类型和pH以及作物种类等有很大关系。在今后的研究中应着重以下几个方面, 1）典型种植体系下土壤重金属的投入/产出平衡; 2）不同种植体系下长期不同施肥措施对土壤重金属含量、 有效性影响的动态趋势; 3）典型种植体系和施肥措施下土壤对重金属的最高承载年限; 4）现有施肥措施下肥料中重金属的最高限量标准。     

单宁酸对不同pH茶园土壤中活性铝形态分布的影响

采集云南省普洱市和江西省南昌县两地典型的茶园土壤,通过添加HCl和Ca(OH)2调节土壤pH,研究不同pH(3.0、3.5、4.0、4.5)茶园土壤添加0.4 mmol·kg 1、2.0 mmol·kg 1、4.0 mmol·kg 1、8.0 mmol·kg 1、12.0 mmol·kg 1单宁酸后,活性铝形态交换态铝(Al3+)、单聚体羟基铝[Al(OH)2+、Al(OH)+2]、酸溶无机铝[Al(OH)03]和腐殖酸铝[Al-HA]的分布特征。结果表明:单宁酸添加量为0~0.4 mmol·kg 1和0~2.0 mmol·kg 1时,江西南昌和云南普洱茶园土壤中交换态铝随土壤pH的增加呈明显下降趋势,而羟基态铝、酸溶无机铝和腐殖酸铝呈逐渐上升趋势;当单宁酸浓度增至2.0 mmol·kg 1以上时,随土壤pH的增加,单宁酸对活性铝释放的抑制作用增强,各形态活性铝含量都较低,且不同pH处理土壤间的差异不显著。0~20 cm土层土壤与20~40 cm土层土壤变化规律大致相似,总体上看,下层土壤活性铝总量高于上层。云南普洱茶园土壤活性铝总量明显高于江西南昌的茶园土壤。相关分析表明,0~20 cm土层土壤中,pH与羟基态铝、腐殖酸铝、土壤酸碱缓冲容量(pHBC)呈正相关(r=0.796,P0.01;r=0.960,P0.01;r=0.852,P0.01);pHBC与交换态铝、羟基态铝呈负相关(r=0.904,P0.01;r=0.645,P0.05),而与腐殖酸铝呈正相关(r=0.795,P0.01)。同时,单宁酸加入浓度为0~0.4 mmol·kg 1时,土壤pH明显上升,之后随着单宁酸加入浓度的增加土壤pH持续下降,土壤pH(YpH)与单宁浓度(CDN)在此阶段基本符合方程:YpH=0.04CDN+3.82(R2=0.95,P0.01)的线性变化趋势,在单宁酸浓度达到8.0~12.0 mmol·kg 1时,土壤pH基本不再变化。     

土壤含水率监测位置对温室滴灌番茄耗水量估算的影响

土壤水分传感器埋设位置的选择是局部灌溉条件下获得作物根区代表性土壤含水率数据,从而制定滴灌灌溉制度的关键。本文以日光温室滴灌番茄为对象,研究滴灌线源土壤湿润体内含水率分布状况,通过对比距滴灌带不同位置处土壤含水率监测结果估算番茄耗水量的差异,探讨土壤含水率监测的合理位置。结果表明,番茄生育期内14~25 mm的灌水定额主要用于增加0~40 cm土层的土壤含水率,湿润体内日平均土壤含水率分布在75%~100%田间持水率。作物生育期内连续多次滴灌条件下,沿滴灌带单个灌水器形成的湿润土体会充分叠加,形成近似均匀的土壤含水率带状分布,且作物生育期内沿深度方向0~40 cm土层土壤含水率均值无显著性差异,距滴灌带不同水平距离的土壤含水率随时间的变化趋势具有同步特点,无明显的滞后性。以集中80%总根量的土壤深度作为滴灌番茄水分渗漏下界面时,14~25 mm的灌水定额会导致深层渗漏,且深层渗漏量表现出一定的空间变异性。番茄生育期内深层渗漏量约占灌水量的13%。距滴灌带不同位置处的番茄耗水量除在番茄苗期和开花座果期有较大差异外,其余生育阶段的差异均在10%以内。对温室滴灌番茄来说,滴灌高频少量的灌溉特征有利于维持作物根系层适宜的土壤水分状态,监测1个含水率剖面即可满足估算作物耗水量的要求。     

福建省农业生态系统氧化亚氮排放量估算及特征分析

N2O是重要的温室气体,了解福建省农业生态系统N2O排放情况及其年代变化规律,对于寻找减排的技术路线与对策,进而实现全国的控制目标有重要意义。本研究基于福建省农业活动水平数据,采用区域氮素循环模型IAP-N方法,估算1991—2010年福建省农业生态系统氧化亚氮(N2O)的排放量(以纯氮量计)并分析其排放特征。结果表明:(1)1991—2010年福建省农业生态系统N2O排放总量(包括农田直接、间接排放,田间秸秆燃烧排放,粪便管理系统排放)呈先增加后降低趋势,从1991年的23 675.3 t·a–1增加到2006年的32 610.4t·a–1,之后降低至30 810.7 t·a–1(2010年)。1991—1995年、1996—2000年、2001—2005年、2006—2010年农业生态系统年平均N2O排放量分别为26 170.7 t·a–1、29 870.0 t·a–1、32 085.8 t·a–1、31 287.6 t·a–1。各类型排放量大小依次为:农田直接(66.2%)-粪便管理系统(20.7%)-农田间接(12.9%)-田间秸秆燃烧(0.2%)。(2)1991—2010年,农田N2O直接排放量呈先增加后降低趋势,从1991年的15 108 t·a–1增加到2006年的21 547 t·a–1,之后下降到2010年的20 594 t·a–1。4个时期年平均N2O直接排放量分别为17 073.0 t·a–1、19 976.8 t·a–1、21 183.4 t·a–1、20 778.6 t·a–1。农田旱作(包括蔬菜地、非蔬菜旱地、水旱轮作的旱季)N2O排放占农田N2O直接排放量的83.0%~90.7%,是农田直接排放的关键源。(3)1991—2010年间,福建省粪便管理系统N2O排放量保持在5 213.2~6 988.0 t·a–1,变化较稳定。粪便管理系统N2O排放的关键源为猪,占粪便管理系统N2O排放量的57.4%~67.9%。(4)2010年,农业生态系统N2O排放高值区主要分布在漳州市、南平市、泉州市和宁德市,其N2O排放量均在4 000 t·a–1以上,占全省总排放量的61.7%,应优先考虑削减这些地区的N2O排放。研究结果为决策者合理利用肥料,制定福建省农业生态系统温室气体减排措施提供科学依据。