双螺杆挤压机螺杆元件类型对扭矩和压力的影响

以食用脱脂低温豆粕为原料,以Brabender DSE-25型双螺杆挤压膨化实验室工作站为加工设备,研究了不同几何参数的输送元件、捏合块和齿型盘6种螺杆元件对挤压过程中扭矩和压力的影响。结果表明:螺杆元件对扭矩和压力有显著影响;对扭矩影响的主次顺序为反向输送元件;齿型盘、捏合块、正向输送元件;有反向螺旋角或错裂角或对物料剪切强度大的元件能够显著增加扭矩;元件对压力的影响规律不明显。对系统稳定性的初步分析认为,错列角为45°和90°的捏合块具有较好的混炼效果,而齿型盘和错列角为-45°的捏合块的混炼效果较差。     

西北地区耕作土壤地力提升“黄变黑”技术

为改善西北地区黄沙土壤的性状,结合秸秆还田及玉米栽培配套技术,经过多年研究探索,创造出一种易于推广的土壤修复技术即“深翻深松+秸秆还田+冬灌+专利”的地力提升“黄变黑”技术。通过实施该技术可增加土壤养分含量、团粒结构,打破犁底层,将黄沙土壤改良为近似黑土地,为改善西北地区黄土地找到了可行的方法。该技术能减少化肥施用量,增加玉米产量,避免资源浪费、环境污染。     

分子标记及其在标记辅助选择中的应用

运用分子标记来进行标记辅助选择,已经成为当今家畜育种的一种趋势。笔者对目前常见的几种分子标记进行了简要介绍,并就分子标记在标记辅助选择中的应用,特别就分子标记在标记辅助选择中分子标记图谱的构建、分子标记的筛选、QTL定位和与分子标记的连锁分析3个方面的应用作了较详尽的综述。     

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Marine-Derived Alkaloids via Enzymatic Reactions

Alkaloids are a large and structurally diverse group of marine-derived natural products. Most marine-derived alkaloids are biologically active and show promising applications in modern (agro)chemical, pharmaceutical, and fine chemical industries. Different approaches have been established to access these marine-derived alkaloids. Among these employed methods, biotechnological approaches, namely, (chemo)enzymatic synthesis, have significant potential for playing a central role in alkaloid production on an industrial scale. In this review, we discuss research progress on marine-derived alkaloid synthesis via enzymatic reactions and note the advantages and disadvantages of their applications for industrial production, as well as green chemistry for marine natural product research.     

袋控释肥对斑苦竹林氨挥发的影响

为优化施肥模式、节能减排、保护竹林生态环境,文章通过实验室优选挥发氨的收集检测方法,并设置不施肥(CK)、袋控释肥(BF)、撒施肥(SF)3种施肥模式进行斑苦竹的林间原位监测试验,探讨袋控释肥对集约经营的斑苦竹林氨挥发的影响。室内实验表明,磷酸通气法、硫酸通气法、硼酸密闭法的氨回收率分别为90%、70%、60%;靛酚蓝比色法和纳氏比色法检测的回收率分别为90%、77%。基于室内实验结果,采用磷酸通气法收集、靛酚蓝比色法测定,开展斑苦竹不同施肥模式下的氨挥发监测试验。结果显示,袋控释肥氨挥发总量为37 kg/hm²,损失总施氮量的15%;撒施肥氨挥发总量为137 kg/hm²,损失总施氮量的56%。相较传统撒施肥模式,袋控释肥能有效节能减排,降低氨挥发,减少施肥对空气的污染,保护竹林生态环境。     

Effects of temperature and humidity on the contact angle of pesticide droplets on rice leaf surfaces

The effects of external factors such as temperature, humidity, pesticide formulation, and pesticide concentration on the contact angle of pesticide droplets on rice leaf surfaces were analyzed. The experiments showed that there were significant differences in the contact angles of droplets on the leaf surfaces under different temperatures and humidity. As the ambient temperature increased, the contact angle first decreased and then increased, reaching a minimum value at 25°C. With a gradual increase in humidity, the contact angle significantly increased and reached a maximum at 100% humidity. Finally, it was concluded that both the formulation and concentration of the pesticide had a significant effect on the contact angle of droplets on rice leaf surfaces. The experiments also illustrated that the effects of the pesticide formulation and concentration on the contact angle were more significant than those of temperature and humidity.     

小尾寒羊羔羊早期断奶对比试验

选择79只30日龄的小尾寒羊羔羊,分为试验A、B、C组和对照组。试验A、B、C组的羔羊分别在不同日龄断奶,然后喂给优质代乳料和优质饲草,对照组全期哺乳并补饲优质饲草。结果表明:30～90日龄平均日增重、90日龄平均体重,A组分别为(224.50±14.53)g、(21.96±2.52)kg,B组分别为(263.17±20.13)g、(24.32±2.41)kg,C组分别为(221.50±17.29)g、(21.85±2.34)kg,对照组分别为(185.83±23.94)g、(19.73±3.27)kg。A、B、C3个试验组30～90日龄平均日增重和90日龄平均体重均显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。     

巨胚杂交稻的农艺及产量性状

以2个巨胚不育系及其相应的2个非巨胚不育系,3个巨胚恢复系、2个非巨胚恢复系为材料,配制一套共20个半双列杂交组合,研究巨胚(ge)基因对杂交稻的若干生物学特性的影响。结果表明:ge基因对杂交稻主要农艺性状和部分产量性状没有显著影响,但ge基因使杂交稻的千粒重、容重、理论产量和实际产量下降,且只有在纯合时才有显著表达。含杂合geGE基因也使其上述性状有所下降,但幅度明显小于gege纯合基因。     

农业科技成果转化率测算方法分析

根据农业科技成果转化的概念界定、转化条件、特征等,作者归纳了农业科技成果转化率的定义,并引用农业科技成果转化率测算实例,详细介绍了农业科技成果转化率的测算方法。最后,分析了农业科技成果转化率与农业科技进步贡献率的区别。     

农村宗族:内涵扩散、特质及其未来

宗族不是一个凝固的一成不变的概念,社会的演变和发展赋予了宗族新的内涵.本文探讨了农村宗族内涵的扩散、特质,认为宗族是与现代化相悖的,宗族趋向消失是历史的必然;研究了宗族在其消失进程中产生的负面影响及其克服措施.探讨农村宗族问题,对于维护农村稳定、构建和谐农村具有理论价值和实践意义.