科学事业单位以绩效预算推动全面预算管理的思考

预算管理不仅是科学事业单位财务管理的核心,也逐渐成为单位内控管理的着力点,全面预算管理时代即将到来。文章提出了当下制约全面预算管理实行的因素,分析了全面预算与绩效预算的内在联系,提出以绩效预算弥补传统预算管理的缺陷,进而推动全面预算管理的思考。     

基于重心模型的西南山区降雨侵蚀力年内变化分析

降雨-植被耦合特征是决定土壤侵蚀的关键性要素,研究降雨侵蚀力的年内变化特征对于揭示不同区域降雨-植被的耦合特征、判定土壤侵蚀的危险期具有重要意义。该文利用中国西南山区439个气象站、水文站的逐日降雨量资料,估算了每个台站逐月降雨侵蚀力,并应用重心模型分析了西南山区降雨侵蚀力的年内变化特征。研究结果表明:西南山区春、夏、秋、季四季降雨侵蚀力变化明显,夏季最高,冬季最低。各季节的降雨侵蚀力空间分布与降水量相似,都表现出东南向西北逐渐递减的趋势。降雨侵蚀力年内分配曲线主要有"单峰型"和"双峰型"2种,绝大多数地区降雨侵蚀力年内分配曲线是"单峰型",峰值出现在6月、7月或8月份,青藏高原区域降雨侵蚀力年内分配曲线是"双峰型",有6月和9月2个峰值。从东南部向西北部,降雨侵蚀力峰值出现的月份不断推后。西南山区降雨侵蚀力重心年内先向北迁移,然后向南迁移,形成一个循环,这展示了季风气候影响下的西南山区降雨侵蚀力年内变化特征。     

稻鸭、稻鱼复合生态系统土壤微生物多样性特征分析

21世纪以来,由于其良好的生态环境效应、及市场对绿色安全稻米的需求,稻田种养复合生态系统的应用范围不断扩大,模式多种多样,在我国南方地区主要以稻田养鸭、养鱼、养虾为主。同时对稻田种养复合生态系统的机理及其效应也进行了较为广泛的研究。相关研究表明:稻鸭共生可利用鸭子的活动、觅食产生中耕除虫的效果[1,2],减少农药对环境的污染;稻鸭共生有利于稻田通风透光,改善水稻群体结构;提高土壤肥力[3~5];还能减少稻田中的产甲烷菌数量,减少甲烷排放[6~9]等方面作用。然而对于稻田养鸭、养鱼后对土壤微生物数量及多样性方面的研究还很少,甘德欣等[10]研究表明稻田养鸭后能增加土壤微生物的数量,但对土壤微生物     

元胞多目标粒子群优化算法与其应用

针对现有多目标粒子群算法多样性不佳,难以平衡多目标优化的全局搜索和局部寻优的能力,提出了一种元胞多目标粒子群算法。在分析多目标粒子算法理论基础上,该算法将元胞自动机思想融入粒子群算法,研究粒子之间相互关系和信息传递机制,并提出一种粒子飞行速度控制策略。实验证明,新算法相对于4种比较算法,在求解含有无约束和有约束的多目标优化问题时有更好的收敛性和多样性,将其应用于盘式制动器优化设计,得到的解精度更高。     

Effect of dietary taurine levels on growth performance and taurine content of Nibea albiflora larvae

The effect of taurine supplementation to a microencapsulated diet at 0 % (T-0 %), 1 % (T-1 %) and 2 % (T-2 %) level on growth performance and taurine content of Nibea albiflora larvae was evaluated. The microencapsulated diet was prepared using wet granulation and fluidized bed coating process. Scanning electron microscopy microphotography of the microencapsulated diet showed the appearance with a dense film around the core. More than 50 % of diet particles were between 250 and 590 μm. A 30-day feeding experiment was conducted with larvae at 15 days after hatching (DAH), in which larvae were weaned at 20 DAH from copepods to the experimental diets or fed copepods throughout the experimental period. The survival and total length of larvae were significantly higher in T-1 % group compared with T-0 % group (P < 0.05). The survival, total length and wet weight of larvae were significantly higher in T-2 % group compared with T-0 % group (P < 0.05). Fish larvae fed copepods had the best growth performance in survival, total length and wet weight, which were significantly higher than those in other treatments (P < 0.05). The taurine content of larvae fed with supplemental taurine (T-2 %, T-1 %) was significantly higher than that of larvae fed without supplemental taurine (T-0 %) (P < 0.05). These results confirmed that taurine is an essential nutrient for N. albiflora larvae.     

鄱阳湖典型湿地植被景观格局的时空变化分析

鄱阳湖是我国重要的湿地,对生态、水位控制、环境控制具有重要的调节作用.伴随着水位年际变化和季节变化剧烈,鄱阳湖湿地类型发生了显著变化,研究其景观格局变化对于正确认识鄱阳湖湿地生态系统演变,为湿地景观规划、湿地生态系统健康恢复具有重要参考意义。考虑到鄱阳湖湖相季节性变化巨大以及2003年前后三峡水利枢纽工程运行后水文情势发生重大变化,选取2003年前后平均水平年对应枯水期和丰水期遥感影像,采用遥感技术（RS）、地理信息技术（GIS）和景观生态学方法进行分析。结果表明,江湖关系发生重大变化后,鄱阳湖年平均水位由2002年之前的13.42 m（星子站吴淞高程）降至12.35 m,平均水位较前一阶段偏低0.45~2.25 m,枯水现象使得鄱阳湖水域面积明显缩小,湿地类型发生了较大变化。平均水位下降,适合植被生长的洲滩面积大幅增加,丰水期湿生植被面积增加了147.66 km2,枯水期增加了1192.43 km2,变化最大区域位于赣江支口与饶河交汇处的三角洲和赣江南支口的洲滩,消失的水面大多转换为湿生植物、挺水植物和泥滩等湿地类型。湿地类型的演变方式为水体和挺水植物演变为裸露泥滩,泥滩演变为湿生植被,湿生植被演变为其它湿地类型。2003年后除水体外湿地景观边界密度和聚集度指数呈现增大趋势,鄱阳湖景观格局整体上趋于复杂。鄱阳湖湿地景观格局变化受到“五河”来水减少、三峡工程蓄水和湿地地貌改变等自然因素和人为因素的双重影响。     

Interactive effects of family and stocking density on survival and growth of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius

To investigate the effects of family, stocking density, and their interaction on mortality, growth rate, and size dispersal in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius, 1,440 juveniles from six full‐sib families were exposed to three stocking densities, that is, low stocking density (LD), middle stocking density (MD), and high stocking density (HD), and reared for 10 months in sea‐based suspended cages. The results demonstrated significant family effects on cumulative mortality rate (CMR); specific growth rate for test diameter (SGR for TD); specific growth rate for body weight (SGR for BW); coefficient of variation for body weight at the 10th month (CV for BW₁₀); and significant stocking density effects on SGR for TD, SGR for BW, and CV for BW₁₀. Statistically significant family by stocking density interaction was only found in SGR for TD. A certain degree of family‐ranking inversions occurred in SGR for TD. The present study provides evidence for the existence of family by stocking density interaction on the growth rate of test diameter in the family selection for S. intermedius. More attention should be paid to this interaction effect to select correct parents in S. intermedius.     

大型海藻的细菌降解试验

研究了褐藻酸降解菌的筛选及利用其降解海带和裙带菜的方法及适宜条件。结果表明,褐藻酸降解菌更易降解嫩海藻,其降解能力与菌液或酶液的pH、盐度有很大的关系,先培养细菌离心后降解海藻、培养细菌后不离心降解海藻、培养细菌与降解海藻同时进行这三种方式对海藻都有降解能力,但效率依次降低。     

坑塘流水养鱼技术

开化地处浙江西部,和江西、安徽两省交界,是个“九山半水半分田”的山区县。开化农民从明朝就开始利用山溪流水在房前屋后、溪边沟旁挖塘养鱼,水流常年不断,品种以草鱼为主,完全投喂青饲料,后把这种方式养出的鱼称作“清水鱼”。独具的生态优势和特有的养殖方式,使流水坑塘养出的清水鱼背部溜黑、肚皮亮白、肉细腻鲜嫩而有弹性。开化清水鱼以其优异的品质,深受杭州、嘉兴、上海等大中城市消费者喜爱,市场上供不应求。     

Investigation on redox status and gene expression related to larval cryopreservation in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

This study evaluated the effects of larval cryopreservation on redox status of post-thaw trochophore larvae and on gene expression in post-thaw trochophore larvae, D-larvae, umbo larvae, eyed larvae and spat, with the aim to understand the effects of cryodamage in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The results showed that total antioxidant capacity was significantly higher in the cryopreserved larvae than in the control group (P?<?0.05), with no significant difference in the production of reactive oxygen species between these two groups (P?>?0.05). The expressions of FADD, Bax1, Baxlike, Bcl2, CASP7 and CAT were significantly downregulated in post-thaw trochophore larvae, whereas the expression of the SOD gene was significantly upregulated. However, the expressions of all of these genes did not significantly differ at later developmental stages. In the cryopreserved group, the expressions of GPX and ATG6 were downregulated in trochophore larvae and upregulated in D-larvae, while there were no signficant changes in the expressions of BI-1, Caspase 3 and ATG8 at all developmental stages investigated. Taken together, these results suggest that the larval cryopreservation technique developed for the Pacific oyster may compromise the survival of post-thaw trochophore larvae by modifying the redox status and gene expression patterns, but that they have limited effects, if any effect at all, after the umbo stage, indicating that the umbo stage should be used for assessing post-thaw larval performance in this species.