Reinvestigation of the scaling law of the windblown sand launch velocity with a wind tunnel experiment

Windblown sand transport is a leading factor in the geophysical evolution of arid and semi-arid regions. The evolution speed is usually indicated by the sand transport rate that is a function of launch velocity of sand particle, whichhasbeen investigated by the experimental measurement and numerical simulation. However, the obtained results in literatures are inconsistent. Some researchers have discovered a relation between average launch velocity and wind shear velocity, while some other researchers have suggested that average launch velocity is independent of wind shear velocity. The inconsistence of launch velocity leads to a controversy in the scaling law of the sand transport rate in the windblown case. On the contrary, in subaqueous case, the scaling law of the sand transport rate has been widely accepted as a cubic function of fluid shear velocity. In order to explain the debates surrounding the windblown case and the difference between windblown and subaquatic cases, this study reinvestigates the scaling law of the vertical launch velocity of windblown transported sand particles by using a dimensional analysis in consideration of the compatibility of the characteristic time of sand particle motion and that of air flow. Then a wind tunnel experiment is conducted to confirm the revisited scaling law, where the sand particle motion pictures are recorded by a high-speed camera and then the launch velocity is solved by the particle tracking velocimetry. By incorporating the results of dimensional analysis and wind tunnel experiment, it can be concluded that, the ratio of saltonsnumber to reptonsnumberdetermines the scaling law of sand particle launch velocity and that of sand transport rate, and using this ratio is able to explain the discrepancies among the classical models of steady sand transport. Moreover, the resulting scaling law can explain the sand sieving phenomenon: a greater fraction of large grains is observed as the distance to the wind tunnel entrance becomes larger.     

基于云服务的棚室蔬菜智能终端系统设计与实现——以黑龙江省为研究案例

棚室蔬菜产业在黑龙江省农业转方式、调结构和供给侧改革中占有重要的战略地位。黑龙江省棚室蔬菜生产规模近年来发展较快,技术支撑需求也与日俱增。本研究针对黑龙江省棚室蔬菜发展规模与技术服务支撑能力不匹配的现状,提出了基于云服务的棚室蔬菜智能终端系统及关键技术的实现方法。本研究以专家服务为主、数据挖掘技术为辅,以物联网设备为感知手段、以智能手机为用户终端,利用云服务对知识、资源、物联网数据的整合配置能力,提供蔬菜专家及棚室蔬菜用户对信息获取、存储、分析和决策的高效解决方案。本研究的部分内容已在黑龙江省农业科研部门、企业、蔬菜合作社、农户等不同用户群体中实验应用,能够为专家提供棚室蔬菜生产环境的远程问诊手段,适用于各类棚室蔬菜应用场景。本研究还提出了对大规模应用场景下的技术解决方案建议,可在全国的棚室蔬菜生产中推广应用,实现更广泛高效的专家技术服务支撑。     

The Warrumbungle Post‐Fire Recovery Project—raising the profile of soils

The impacts of a wildfire and subsequent rainfall event in 2013 in the Warrumbungle National Park in New South Wales, Australia were examined in a project designed to provide information on post‐fire recovery expectations and options to land managers. A coherent suite of sub‐projects was implemented, including soil mapping, and studies on soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N), erosion rates, groundcover recovery and stream responses. It was found that the loss of SOC and N increased with fire severity, with the greatest losses from severely burnt sandstone ridges. Approximately 2.4 million t of SOC and ~74,000 t of N were lost from soil to a depth of 10 cm across the 56,290 ha affected. Soil loss from slopes during the subsequent rainfall event was modelled up to 25 t ha^?1, compared to a long‐term mean annual soil loss of 1.06 t ha^?1 year^?1. Groundcover averages generally increased after the fire until spring 2015, by which time rates of soil loss returned to near pre‐fire levels. Streams were filled with sand to bank full levels after the fire and rainfall. Rainfall events in 2015–2016 shifted creek systems into a major erosive phase, with incision through the post‐fire sandy bedload deposits, an erosive phase likely related to loss of topsoils over much of the catchment. The effectiveness of the research was secured by a close engagement with park managers in issue identification and a communications programme. Management outcomes flowing from the research included installation of erosion control works, redesign of access and monitoring of key mass movement hazard areas.     

Straw mulching with fertilizer nitrogen: An approach for improving crop yield,soil nutrients and enzyme activities

Field experiments were conducted to study soil properties, soil enzymes activities, water use efficiency (WUE) and crop productivity after six years of soya bean straw mulching in the semi‐arid conditions of China. The experiment included four treatments: CK (Control), N (240 kg N ha^‐1), H (soya bean straw mulching at half rate 700 kg ha^‐1 with 240 kg N ha^‐1) and F (soya bean straw mulching at full rate 1,400 kg ha^‐1 with 240 kg N ha^‐1). Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil labile organic carbon (LOC), soil available N (AN), available P (AP) and enzyme activities were analysed after wheat harvesting in 2016 and 2017. Results show that straw amounts had positive effects on the soil fertility indices being higher for treatment F. The SOC, LOC, AN, AP and enzyme activities (i.e. saccharase, urease and alkaline phosphatase) were in the order of F > H > N > CK. High wheat grain yield and WUE were observed for F treatment. A total of six years mulching along with 240 kg ha^‐1 nitrogen fertilizer application is sufficient for wheat yield stability and improving soil properties except urease activities in the semi‐arid condition of China. However, the straw mulching amount should be further studied with minimum nitrogen fertilizer for an environment‐friendly and effective approach for improving the soil biological properties with adequate crop production on a sustainable basis in the semi‐arid region of China.     

Reduction in cadmium accumulation in japonica rice grains by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of OsNRAMP5

Cadmium (Cd) intake is harmful to human health and Cd contamination in rice grains represents a severe threat to those consuming rice as a staple food. Knockout of Cd transporters is a promising strategy to reduce Cd accumulation in rice grains. OsNRAMP5 is the major transporter for Cd and manganese (Mn) uptake in rice. Nevertheless, it is uncertain whether knockout of OsNRAMP5 is applicable to produce low Cd rice without affecting plant growth and grain yield. In this study, we adopted CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing technology to knock out OsNRAMP5 in two japonica varieties. We generated three independent transgene-free osnramp5 mutants and investigated the effect of osnramp5 mutations on Cd accumulation and plant growth. Hydroponic experiments showed that plant growth and chlorophyll content were significantly reduced in osnramp5 mutants at low Mn conditions, and this defective growth in the mutants could be fully rescued by supply of high levels of Mn. Cd and Mn accumulation in both roots and shoots was markedly reduced in the mutants compared to that in wild-type plants. In paddy field experiments, although Cd in flag leaves and grains was greatly reduced in osnramp5 mutants, some agronomic traits including plant height, seed setting rate, and grain number per panicle were affected in the mutants, which ultimately caused a mild reduction in grain yield. The reduced plant growth in the mutants can be attributed to a marked decrease in Mn accumulation. Our results reveal that the manipulation of OsNRAMP5 should be treated with caution: When assessing the applicability of osnramp5 mutants, soil pH and soil water content in paddy fields need to be taken into consideration, since they might affect the levels of available Mn in the soil and consequently determine the effect of the mutation on grain yield.     

Dietary quercetin improved the growth,antioxidation, and flesh quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

To investigate the effects of dietary quercetin on growth, antioxidation, and flesh quality of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, six diets were prepared with quercetin inclusion rates of 0 (control diet), 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 g/kg. Grass carp with a body weight of 13.3 ± 0.1 g were fed with one of the six diets for 60 days. The weight gain (WG) showed a quadratic relationship with dietary quercetin levels; the supplementation of 0.4 g/kg quercetin significantly improved WG (+4.73%) and decreased feed conversion ratio (?0.06) (p < .05) when compared to those of the control group. The intestinal fat ratio was reduced by the addition of 0.2 or 0.4 g/kg of quercetin (p < .05), and serum activities of alkaline phosphatase and superoxide dismutase were increased by the addition of 0.4 and 0.6 g/kg of quercetin (p < .05). The inclusion of 0.2–0.6 g/kg of quercetin increased the contents of delicious amino acids and decreased the cooking loss of flesh (p < .05). Flesh collagen content was increased by the addition of 0.4–0.8 g/kg of quercetin (p < .05). In conclusion, dietary quercetin could improve the growth and enhance the antioxidation and flesh quality of grass carp, with the recommended supplemental level of quercetin was 0.37 g/kg.     

乡村建设模块案例教学在《建筑设计》课程中的应用

随着经济的发展,人民生活水平的日益提高,城乡差距体现的越发明显,基于农村相对偏僻,交通不便等原因,使得农村远远落后于城市,在教育、医疗、卫生、科技、信息等方面,都与城市有一段很大的差距,如何缩少城乡差距成为目前的首要问题。本文从乡村建设的现状及存在的主要问题出发提出了现阶段如何建设美丽乡村,特别是在新时代背景下对《建筑设计》这门课程的教学进行深入研究值得思索。     

3种介导猪NR2F2基因转染PK15细胞方法的比较研究

试验旨在研究3种转染方法对猪肾上皮细胞（PK15）的转染效率,为以PK15细胞为模型研究外源基因的功能提供参考。本研究以PK15细胞为研究对象,用脂质体、电穿孔、慢病毒3种转染方法转染后,在荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光蛋白的表达,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测EGFP和NR2F2基因的表达情况,采用CCK-8检测细胞存活率,进而比较3种方法的转染效果。结果显示,转染PK15细胞后,电穿孔和慢病毒方法转染效率极显著高于脂质体（P<0.01）,但电穿孔方法和慢病毒方法之间差异不显著（P>0.05）;EGFP和NR2F2基因的实时荧光定量PCR结果显示慢病毒方法效果最好,脂质体方法较差,与细胞转染效率基本一致;CCK-8结果显示,电穿孔转染后细胞存活率最低,极显著低于对照组（P<0.01）,脂质体方法显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,慢病毒方法与对照组间差异不显著（P>0.05）。综合考虑转染效率及细胞活性,本研究认为慢病毒转染方法最适合转染PK15细胞,为今后高效转染PK15细胞提供了理想的方法。     

不同地区、不同部位羊驼毛品质性状的研究

本研究旨在了解不同地区、不同部位羊驼毛品质的差异,为羊驼选育及羊驼毛生产提供参考数据。采集新疆野生动物园、新疆阿勒泰、新疆阿克苏、山西、天津地区羊驼颌、颈、肩、侧、股、背、腹部位共636份毛样,进行平均纤维直径、毛丛长度、净毛率、单纤维强力、有髓毛含量、无髓毛含量等性状的测定,分析不同地区及不同部位毛品质性状的差异,并进行最小二乘分析。结果表明,不同地区羊驼毛平均纤维直径、白度、亮度、原毛油脂含量、净毛率、毛丛自然长度、单纤维强力、断裂伸长百分比、有髓毛含量、无髓毛含量均存在极显著差异（P<0.01）;不同取样部位羊驼毛纤维直径、原毛油脂含量、毛丛自然长度、单纤维强力、含杂率存在极显著差异（P<0.01）,无髓毛含量和有髓毛含量存在显著差异（P<0.05）。以羊驼毛细度越细毛品质越优为准,结合单纤维强力、毛丛自然长度等性状,羊驼不同部位的毛纤维质量从高到低依次为：背、侧、股、肩、颈、颌及腹部。在育种中可将提高无髓毛含量作为新疆羊驼毛细度的选育目标,将提高净毛率和单纤维强力作为山西、天津羊驼毛育种方向,同时可考虑提高羊驼颈、颌、腹部的无髓毛含量,以提高羊驼整体毛品质水平。     

木塑与钢材复合温室骨架设计及力学性能试验

木塑复合材料是近几年发展较快的一种新型材料,具有易加工、密度高、硬度强的特点。为探究木塑在温室建筑上的应用,设计了一种适合温室使用的木塑与钢材复合骨架,并进行力学性能试验。该试验以木塑和钢材为试材,采用拉伸、压缩、人工气候老化及复合骨架应用于温室的方法,研究了其抗拉、抗压强度及其在温室中应用情况,以期能够开发一种在性能和价格上与钢骨架结构材料相媲美的新材料。结果表明:在低温、室温和高温条件下,木塑的抗拉强度分别为28.391、24.954、15.000 MPa,木塑的抗压强度分别为63.633、42.438、32.547 MPa,木塑的抗拉强度和抗压强度均与环境温度呈负相关关系。木塑在经过250 h的人工气候老化后的抗弯强度为37.040 MPa,比未进行老化处理下降了22.083%。将木塑与钢材结合制作成不同形式的复合骨架,与普通木塑骨架对比,在室温下测试发现复合骨架比普通木塑骨架抗弯性能显著提高,其延展性提高约3倍,其中钢材添加在下缘的复合骨架的抗弯性能显著较钢材在上缘的复合骨架优越;带卡簧卡槽复合骨架的最大抗弯屈服力为19.112 kN,较钢材在下缘的复合骨架提高88.74%,达到了温室骨架的承载力要求。通过供试带卡簧卡槽复合骨架温室的荷载试验得出,跨度8.0 m、顶高3.3 m的拱形屋面温室,其骨架间距为1.2 m时,供试温室承受荷载为0.436 kN·m^-2;当骨架间距为1.0 m时,其承受荷载为0.527 kN·m^-2。与传统钢骨架温室对比,复合骨架温室的建筑成本减少了10.4元·m^-2。该复合骨架可以同时发挥木塑的环保、价廉、可塑性优势和钢材的优良力学性能,为温室建筑的轻简化、装配化提供了有益参考。