云南蒋家沟泥石流成因及其防治措施探析

以云南蒋家沟泥石流为研究对象,通过分析其流域的自然地理环境特征和人类活动的影响,并结合泥石流发生的必要条件(地形坡降、水和松散固体物质),探讨了蒋家沟泥石流形成的原因,总结了泥石流灾害在蒋家沟流域的分布规律和特征,最后根据泥石流的危害性特点提出了相应的防治措施.     

黄河首曲重大生态功能区护岸林建设问题探讨

分析了河岸防护林改变区域小气候、巩固河岸、保持水土、防风固沙、改良土壤、湿地保护、提供饲料、薪材和增加收入、提高畜牧业生产力、丰富和改善高寒区景观等作用,系统阐述了加强河岸防护林建设的重要性,针对性地提出了河岸防护林树种组成单一、体系结构不够完整、自然因素恶劣等护岸林建设问题,并提出了进一步发展建设的对策,在黄河首曲重大生态功能区的环境建设中加强黄河护岸林建设,对于黄河首曲生态环境的治理、恢复、重建和改善具有十分重要的意义。     

BNS和BNS366小麦雄性不育与内源激素的关系

【目的】研究BNS和BNS366小麦雄性不育与小孢子发生过程中内源激素含量变化的关系,为激素调控温光敏雄性不育小麦花粉育性提供理论依据。【方法】选用BNS和BNS366为试验材料,分别以矮抗58和郑麦366（BNS366的近等基因系）为对照,进行正常秋季播种（2018年10月10日）和晚播（2018年12月2日）试验,用I₂-KI法测定花粉育性,用国内法和国际法测定自交结实率,采用间接酶联免疫法测定雌雄蕊原基分化期-三核期叶片、雌雄蕊原基分化期-四分体期幼穗和单核中位期-三核期花药中6种内源激素的含量。【结果】在正常秋季播种条件下,BNS和BNS366花粉可育率、国内法自交结实率和国际法自交结实率均为零,达到全不育水平,在晚播条件下,BNS的这三个指标分别为34.74%、43.12%和48.48%,达到低不育水平,BNS366则分别为92.63%、55.37%和67.94%,达到正常可育水平,播种期间差异均达到极显著水平;矮抗58和郑麦366在2种播期条件下,则为82.56%—94.00%、73.90%—82.31%和96.54%—139.26%,均为正常可育,播种期间差异不显著;BNS和BNS366花粉可育率-∆（正常秋季播种条件下比晚播条件下花粉可育率提高百分率）均分别极显著低于矮抗58和郑麦366。分别在2个试验组内进行内源激素含量的多重比较,BNS和BNS366与矮抗58和郑麦366内源激素含量-∆（正常秋季播种条件下比晚播条件下激素含量提高百分率）存在差异,对内源激素含量与花粉可育率、内源激素含量-∆与花粉可育率-∆进行了相关性分析,发现BNS和BNS366不育株在小麦幼穗发育过程中激素含量存在特征性变化。生长素（indole-3-acetic acid,IAA）含量在四分体期（BNS）和雌雄蕊原基分化期（BNS366）叶片中不足,在单核中位期（BNS）和单核靠边期（BNS366）花药中不足,在二核期花药中盈余;赤霉素（gibberellic acid,GA）含量在四分体期幼穗和单核中位期花药中不足;玉米素核苷（zeatin riboside,ZR）含量在叶片、幼穗和花药中均无一致盈亏特征;脱落酸（abscisic acid,ABA）含量分别在四分体期幼穗中存在偏低倾向（BNS）或确定存在不足（BNS366）现象;油菜素内酯（brassinosteroid,BR）含量在叶片、幼穗和花药中均无一致盈亏特征;茉莉酸甲酯（methyl jasmonate,MeJA）含量在雌雄蕊原基分化期、四分体期、单核靠边期（BNS）或单核中位期（BNS366）和三核期叶片中不足,在雌雄蕊原基分化期（BNS）或四分体期幼穗（BNS366）中不足,在单核靠边期花药中不足。【结论】正常秋季播种条件下,单核靠边期之前,BNS和BNS366中IAA、GA和ABA的含量不足,尤其是MeJA的含量不足,可能促进了二者雄性不育的发生。     

Ontogenetic resource use and trophic dynamics of endangered juvenile Tachypleus tridentatus among diversified nursery habitats in the northern Beibu Gulf,China

Horseshoe crabs, the most well-known example of “living fossils”, are iconic and ecologically important macroinvertebrates in coastal and estuarine ecosystems. Their blood is a crucial resource for manufacturing Limulus or Tachypleus amebocyte lysate to detect bacterial endotoxins or fungal contamination in drug and medical devices. An enhanced understanding of their ecological roles and trophic interactions in the food webs is fundamental to facilitate resource management for the declining populations in Asia. Foraging information of the Asian species, however, is mainly derived from preliminary, scattered reports from a limited number of study locations. In this study, resource utilization, trophic niche dynamics, and trophic interaction of the juvenile tri-spine horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus (instars 1–12, approximately 0.5–8 years old) across ontogeny was assessed in diversified nursery habitats along the northern Beibu Gulf, China, using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Our results suggest that: (i) T. tridentatus are ecological generalists given the vast range of carbon isotopic values and trophic niche width estimates exhibited between multiple instar groups; (ii) juvenile T. tridentatus across most habitat types predominantly assimilated energy from a variety of basal production sources in the food web, but primarily depended on sedimentary organic matter and seagrass resource pools; (iii) ontogenetic shifts in juvenile dietary proportions were evident, with decreased reliance on sedimentary organic matter, coupled with increased reliance on benthic macroinvertebrate grazers, detritivores, and omnivores with age; and (iv) nearly all juvenile instars occupied similar trophic positions in the food web with slight shifts in trophic position present with increasing size. Our findings indicate that resource availability and ontogenetic diet shifts strongly influence horseshoe crab trophic dynamics, and age should be accounted when formulating habitat conservation measures based on resource use for Asian horseshoe crabs.     

SNAT2介导蛋氨酸对牛乳腺上皮细胞增殖与自噬的调节作用

钠离子依赖性中性氨基酸转运体2（SNAT2）是一种氨基酸转运蛋白，可转运中性氨基酸，广泛分布于多种细胞中。氨基酸既可作为蛋白质合成的底物，也是调节细胞新陈代谢的关键信号分子，但SNAT2是否介导氨基酸调节BMECs增殖和自噬尚未见报道。本研究利用CASY细胞计数和Western blotting技术检测SNAT2过表达和siRNA干扰后牛乳腺上皮细胞（BMECs）增殖情况以及SNAT2对自噬标志蛋白LC3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ表达量的影响，并利用免疫荧光检测细胞自噬斑点（LC3-Ⅱ）变化。结果显示，SNAT2过表达时，p-PI3K、p-mTOR和Cyclin D1表达量增加，反之，p-PI3K、p-mTOR和Cyclin D1表达量下降。SNAT2抑制时，LC3-Ⅱ表达量增加，免疫荧光检测自噬斑点增多。添加自噬增强剂海藻糖（trehalose，Tre）和蛋氨酸（methionine，Met）后，与单一添加Tre组相比，Met+Tre组p-mTOR表达量增加，LC3-Ⅱ表达量降低，胞浆内绿色自噬斑点减少；添加Tre和Met并抑制SNAT2时，p-mTOR表达量下降，LC3-Ⅱ表达量增多，胞浆内绿色自噬斑点增加。以上结果表明，SNAT2可介导Met通过调控PI3K-mTOR/Cyclin D1信号通路调节BMECs的增殖与自噬。     

新疆、内蒙古部分地区乳房炎奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌的流行性与耐药性分析

为确定患乳房炎奶牛乳中金黄色葡萄球菌的流行性和耐药性状况,试验自2018年4月至2018年5月采集了新疆地区70例和内蒙古地区50例患乳房炎奶牛生鲜乳样。通过对奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌进行增菌培养、分离纯化,KB纸片扩散法药敏试验及PCR耐药基因检测发现,新疆和内蒙古地区奶样中金黄色葡萄球菌分离率分别为28.6%和54.0%;新疆地区分离的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株对青霉素G的耐药性最高(75.0%),其次是磺胺异噁唑(60.0%)、林可霉素(55.0%);内蒙古地区的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株同样对青霉素G高度耐受,耐药率为70.4%,其次为林可霉素(63.0%)、克林霉素(51.9%);两地区所分离菌株中,88.9%以上携带多种耐药基因,呈现多重耐药性;两地区所检出的高频耐药基因分别是新疆地区的ermA(30.0%)、dfrS1(30.0%)基因和内蒙古地区的lnuA(46.2%)基因。     

Apoptosis of alveolar wall cells is involved in papain-induced rat pulmonary emphysema

AIM: To observe the apoptosis of alveolar wall cells in the papin-induced rat emphysema, and to explore the role of apoptosis of alveolar wall cells in the pathogenesis of emphysema. METHODS: Rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group, papain only group, papain+irradiation group. Morphology of lung tissues was assessed. TUNEL assay was used to determine the apoptotic cells. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the expression of PCNA, Bax and SP-C in the lung alveolar wall cells. SP-C immunofluorescence stainging was performed to identify the type II alveolar cells in the TUNEL positive cells. RESULTS: Destruction of alveolar wall and loss of the alveolar unit were observed in papain only group and papain+irradiation group. There was significant difference between rats of papain+irradiation group and papain only growp in the mean linear interval (MLI), the number of alveolar counted per unit area (MAN) and mean alveoli area (MAA), respectively (P<0.01). The proliferation index(PI), apoptosis index (AI) and the percentage of Bax in the papain only group and papain+irradiation group were significantly greater than that in the normal control group (P<0.01). However, the percentage of SP-C positive cells was significantly lower in the papain only group and papain+irradiation group compared with the normal control (P<0.01). Moreover, the PI, AI and the percentage of Bax in the papain+irradiation group was higher than those in the papain only group. The percentage of SP-C positive cells in the papain+irradiation group was lower than that in the papain only group. Most of the TUNEL-positive cells expressed the SP-C. CONCLUSION: Apoptosis of rat alveolar wall cells, especially type-II cell may be involved in the pathogenesis of emphysema. Upregulation of Bax expression may lead to alveolar wall cells apoptosis in papain-induced emphysema.     

叶绿体DNA分析技术及其在栗属植物中的应用

被子植物叶绿体DNA母性遗传,有独立的进化路线,基于叶绿体DNA的分析技术在分子系统学、资源多样性评价、杂种鉴定等方面具有重要作用。栗属植物资源丰富,分布广泛。概述了叶绿体DNA分析技术在栗属植物中的研究进展,阐述了包括PCR-RFLP、DNA杂交、叶绿体SSR标记技术和叶绿体基因区段测序分析技术在内的分子标记技术的原理、特点及其在栗属植物中的应用。并对今后如何开发叶绿体DNA标记用于栗属植物的研究进行了展望。     

苹果中氯氟氰菊酯残留降解研究

为了解苹果生产过程中氯氟氰菊酯的残留污染及其在苹果中的降解规律,用气相色谱法动态检测了大田苹果中氯氟氰菊酯残留量。结果表明,最后1次施药后苹果中氯氟氰菊酯的残留量顺序为:37.5g/hm2喷施3次>37.5g/hm2喷施2次≈18.8g/hm2喷施3次>18.8g/hm2喷施2次,喷药总量是影响农药残留的主要因素;施药后到采收前,果皮残留浓度是果肉的9～40倍,氯氟氰菊酯的降解为一级动力学模型,半衰期为17.6d,苹果果肉降解速率(T1/2=22.7d)比果皮(T1/2=16.9d)慢。以37.5g/hm2浓度喷3次,30d后苹果中氯氟氰菊酯残留量(<0.02mg/kg)远低于我国和欧盟等国家的最大残留限量要求。     

基于都市农业背景下的农业科技在农业生产中的作用

农业基础竞争力不强、比较优势逐步丧失等问题逐步成为我国今后一个时期农业面临的最大挑战,科技创新作为农业发展的重要支撑,必须发挥其引领作用,为农业转型升级增加新动能。北京国际都市农业科技园作为现代农业科技示范园区,紧紧围绕农业科技创新驱动,统筹国内外农业科技创新资源,在农业生产过程中实现科技全覆盖。该研究以北京国际都市农业科技园为例,从种子到餐桌的角度分析了农业科技在农业生产中的应用,以期为农业转型升级提供借鉴。