Tartary buckwheat breeding (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagopyrum tataricum</Emphasis> L. Gaertn.) through hybridization with its Rice-Tartary type

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) is a highly nutritious crop that is widely grown in Asia, but the flour contains a large portion of the hull if it is ground with industrial processing since the hull is very hard to remove as it adheres to the testa layer of the groat. Rice-Tartary, a particular type of Tartary buckwheat, has seeds with a loose hull and the presence of splits on the sides of the seeds that make dehulling easily. The present study reports on the first attempt of crop improvement in Tartary buckwheat breeding through hybridization. Hybrids were obtained by hybridization of crosses between Tartary buckwheat and Rice-Tartary. Additional crosses were made among selected progenies of these crosses. Based on progeny analysis of the F₁, F₂, and F₃, the character of Rice-Tartary, as exhibited as the presence of splits on the sides of the seeds, is controlled by one gene which is homozygous recessive. A Tartary buckwheat breeding program has been conducted for 6 years based on these crosses. Advanced lines with easy dehull and yield potential are at the stage of ready for yield trials. Production of easy dehulling Tartary buckwheat in the future could boost Canada’s domestic and international markets.     

Regional phenotypic diversity of Puccinia triticina and wheat host resistance in western Europe, 1995

Pathogenicity data from surveys of Puccinia triticina (formerly P. recondita f. sp. tritici) conducted in western Europe in 1995 were analysed to compare the structure of regional populations of the pathogen. Many of the populations differed in phenotypic diversity and pathotypic composition, even though they occurred within a single epidemiological unit, suggesting that local factors may influence the establishment and propagation of individual pathotypes in the regional populations. Neighbouring regions were more similar than distant regions, and all regions shared at least one pathotype, except populations in northern Italy and Scotland. A high degree of similarity was found between populations in northern France and Great Britain, providing strong evidence of free movement of inoculum between these regions. Resistance genes were postulated for a selection of 91 wheat cultivars, representing those most commonly grown in western Europe in 1995. Thirteen cultivars lacked detectable seedling resistance genes and the remaining 78 possessed from one to three resistance genes; those detected were Lr1, Lr3a, Lr10, Lr13, Lr14a, Lr17b, Lr20, Lr26 and Lr37. The most commonly detected resistance gene was Lr13, which was present singly or in combination with other resistance genes in 48 cultivars (53%). The gene Lr14a was detected in 18 cultivars, Lr26 was present in 16 cultivars. The role of host selection in the composition of the regional populations of P. triticina in western Europe in 1995 was difficult to assess on the basis of the results obtained, since virulence data were not available for Lr13 and Lr14a. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Hybridizing <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica rapa</Emphasis> with wild crucifers <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diplotaxis erucoides</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica maurorum</Emphasis>

Two wide hybrids, Diplotaxis erucoides (2n = 14) × Brassica rapa (2n = 20) and B. maurorum (2n = 20) × B. rapa, were developed using the sequential ovary–ovule culture. Reciprocal crosses failed, possibly as a consequence of strong unilateral incompatibility. The F ₁ hybrids in each combination were completely male sterile and morphologically intermediate to the respective parents. DNA marker polymorphism and chromosome counts confirmed their hybrid nature. High frequency of bivalents in the F ₁ and the presence of trivalents/quadrivalents in the derived amphiploids suggested genomic duplications and homoeology of the parental genomes. Up to three homoeologous pairs between the D. erucoides (D^eD^e) and B. rapa (AA) genomes, and one between B. maurorum (B^mB^m) and B. rapa genomes were observed. Successful synthesis of the F ₁ hybrids and amphiploids of B. rapa with D. erucoides and B. maurorum, and allosyndetic chromosome pairing are expected to permit introgressions of desirable loci into the cultivated Brassica germplasm, especially for resistance to Alternaria brassicae and Albugo candida.     

Inheritance and relationships of important agronomic traits in almond

The inheritance of 16 important agronomic traits and its relationship were studied for four years in a population of 167 almond [P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] seedlings obtained from a cross between the French selection ‘R1000’ (‘Tardy Nonpareil’ × ‘Tuono’) and the Spanish cultivar ‘Desmayo Largueta’. For some traits (blooming and leafing date) descendants segregated between the value of both progenitors, meanwhile for others the mean of the offspring was lower (bloom density, productivity and ripening date) or higher (in-shell/kernel ratio and double kernels). As expected, kernel bitterness and self-incompatibility behaved as monogenic traits. Some important correlations between traits were detected. The implications of the transmission and the correlation of these traits in the breeding programmes are discussed.     

新型植物生长复配剂对玉米幼苗形态建成及叶片生理特性的调控效应

在前期试验基础上,以郑单958为研究对象,3叶期手动双面喷施40mg/L DCPTA[2-(3,4-二氯苯氧基)乙基-二乙胺]与20mg/L CCC(2-氯乙基三甲基氯化铵)的复配剂于幼苗叶片,研究复配剂对玉米幼苗形态建成及叶片生理的调控效应。结果表明:1复配剂能促进植株地上部分生长,幼苗株高及单株叶面积增加。处理后8d,复配剂处理后的幼苗株高高于对照24.94%;处理后4d,单株叶面积比对照增加200.71cm2,且差异显著。2复配剂能促进植株地下部分生长,幼苗根长、平均直径、根体积及根系表面积增加。处理后10d,复配剂处理幼苗根长、根体积、根系表面积分别比对照增加12.02%、11.37%和21.03%,且差异显著。3复配剂处理能促进玉米幼苗干物质积累。在处理后0~4d,处理根冠比高于对照,4d之后低于对照,这说明4~10d,复配剂对地上部分促进作用更加明显。4复配剂处理增加了叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和叶绿素a+叶绿素b[Chl(a+b)]含量,且对Chlb影响较大。处理后2d,处理的Chlb含量比对照高42.76%,处理后10d,对照则比处理高5.70%。5复配剂处理改善了叶片细胞膜透性,增加叶片脯氨酸含量,降低叶片电导率。本研究为DCPTA与CCC复配剂应用到生产上提供理论和试验依据。     

低温脂肪酶产生菌的筛选及发酵条件研究

通过使用RodamineB平板筛选法,从新疆具有典型低温环境地区的近200份土样中筛选分离到11株产低温脂肪酶的菌株。其中1株酶活较高的菌株L22,根据形态观察初步断定为假丝酵母,该酶的最适反应温度为30℃,属低温脂肪酶。摇瓶发酵确定该菌株产脂肪酶的最适发酵培养条件为:葡萄糖0.5%,豆饼粉2%,玉米浆2%,KB2BHPOB4B0.5%,NaNOB3B0.5%,橄榄油0.25%,初始pH值为7,发酵温度为20℃,摇床培养48h,酶活最高可达7.17U/mL,添加适量的油脂对产脂肪酶有诱导作用。     

土壤水分对谷子(粟)结实的影响及其生理效应

土壤水分对谷子结实的影响主要在结实阶段.土壤水分过少或过多,都能显著降低结实率、成粒数和产量.这一时期以保持土壤毛管持水量的70%左右对结实最为有利.供水不足,首先影响根系活性和体内水分状况,从而影响体内外气体交换,降低光合速率和呼吸强度,同时影响细胞膜透性,导致体内物质代谢过程改变,降低有机物质的积累,造成穗部营养贫乏,形成秕谷.土壤水分过多,通气不良,影响根系活性,降低伤流量,抑制体内代谢过程及物质运转,造成穗部营养不足,形成秕谷.     

Developing gene-tagged molecular markers for functional analysis of starch-synthesizing genes in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The granule-bound starch synthase(GBSS), starch branching enzymes 1 (SBE1)and 3 (SBE3) are major enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis in rice endosperm. Available sequences of Sbe1 and Sbe3 genes encoding corresponding SBE1 and SBE3 have been used to identify homologous regions from genome databases of both the indica rice 93-11 and the japonica rice Nipponbare. Sequence diversities were exploited to develop gene-tagged markers to distinguish an indica allele from a japonica allele for both Sbe1 and Sbe3 loci. With these newly developed gene-tagged markers and available Wx gene markers, the roles of these starch-synthesizing genes (Sbe1, Sbe3, and Wx) in determining amylose content (AC) in the rice endosperm were evaluated using a double-haploid (DH)population derived from a cross between the indica rice cv. Nanjing11 and the japonica rice cv. Balilla. Only the Wx and Sbe3 loci had significant effects on the AC variation. On average, indica Wx ^a genotypes showed ∼9.1% higher AC than japonica Wx ^b genotypes, while indica Sbe3 ^a genotypes showed ∼1.0% lower AC than japonica Sbe3 ^b genotypes. A significant interaction was also observed between Wx and Sbe3 loci whereby the amylose content was 0.3% higher in Sbe3 ^a than Sbe3 ^b genotypes in the presence of the Wx ^a allele, but it was lower by 2.3% in the presence of the Wx ^b allele. Overall, polymorphisms at the Wx and Sbe3 loci together could account for 79.1% of the observed AC variation in the DH population. The use of gene-tagged markers in marker-assisted selection and gene functional analysis was also discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

外生菌根提高植物抗铝性机理研究进展

外生菌根真菌是土壤中一类重要的微生物,能与70%￣75%的森林树种形成外生菌根。它可以促进植物对养分的吸收和利用,提高酸性土壤上植物的抗铝性。外生菌根主要通过以下几方面来增强植物的抗铝能力:(1)扩大吸收面积,增加植物对养分的吸收;(2)排斥或吸附铝离子,阻止其向植物根系运输;(3)有机酸或其它有机物质的分泌增加,提高对铝离子的螯合和对钙、镁等离子的溶解能力;(4)增加激素的分泌,促进植物生长;(5)促进植物生长稀释铝和液泡区域化隔离铝。