不同施肥措施对天然生胶性能的影响

施肥是影响天然橡胶性能的重要因素之一,研究不同施肥措施调控天然生胶性能对于指导生产具有重要意义。选用成龄橡胶树,设置不施肥对照以及氮磷钾肥、有机肥、氮磷钾肥+有机肥、氮磷钾肥+有机肥+镁锌硼肥4种不同的施肥措施,通过探讨不同施肥措施对天然橡胶生胶特性的影响,为天然橡胶生产提供参考依据。研究结果表明,4种施肥措施均能提升生胶中的氮含量(12%)、塑性保持率(7%)和可塑性;氮磷钾肥在施肥初期降低了门尼黏度(17%),提高了生胶的可塑性;有机肥在施肥初期的门尼黏度高于对照26%,即提高了生胶分子量;氮磷钾肥+有机肥利于维持氮含量和杂质含量的稳定性;氮磷钾肥+有机肥+镁锌硼肥有利于保持生胶氮含量、挥发分含量、灰分含量以及塑性初值的一致性。综上所述,4种施肥措施中有机肥、氮磷钾肥+有机肥较为优秀,其次为氮磷钾肥,而氮磷钾肥+有机肥+镁锌硼肥则较差。     

正确认识和处理自然保护区建设中的问题

改革开放以来,自然保护区建设发展迅猛,取得了显著的成绩。但是,自然保护区的建设与管理也存在一系列矛盾和问题,如何正确认识和处理这些矛盾和问题,是摆在我们面前一个重大的课题。本文从生态学和社会学的角度出发,结合保护区基层工作的实际,就如何解决这些矛盾和问题,提出一些建议,旨在为自然保护区的建设与管理提供参考。     

文冠果优良无性系授粉组合选择及结实性状分析

  目的  探究文冠果Xanthoceras sorbifolium优良无性系最佳授粉组合,提高其坐果率、种实产量,为科学配置授粉树及优良种质资源无性系化推广提供参考。  方法  以文冠果5个优良无性系为材料,进行花期物候观测、柱头可授性及花粉活力检测。进行控制授粉,分析各授粉组合受精率、坐果率、种实产量及种实性状。  结果  ① 5个无性系开花时间在4月27日至5月14日。②雌能花开花当天及花后1 d柱头可授性较强。③雄能花初开放和完全开放当天花粉活力较高。④综合考虑各授粉组合受精率、最终坐果率、产量及种实性状得出,10号无性系较佳授粉组合为10×16、10×119,14号、15号、16号最佳授粉组合分别为14×15、15×16、16×15,10号、14号、15号、16号均不适合做119号的授粉无性系。  结论  科学的授粉树配置可以提高文冠果坐果率及种实产量。     

大千生果胶质提取工艺研究

本试验以果胶质作为考察指标,采用超声提取法,通过单因素试验和正交试验,研究对大千 生种子中果胶质提取的影响。实验结果表明:大千生种子中果胶质最佳提取工艺为提取功率200w, 料液比1:20,提取时间20min,提取温度60℃ 。在此最佳工艺下果胶质成分的含量最高为4.51％。     

Effects of different molecular weights of chitosan on methane production and bacterial community structure in vitro

As a new feed additive, chitosan has been shown in recent years to have a certain role in reducing methane emissions from the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminants. However, the effects of chitosan with different molecular weights on rumen fermentation, methane production and bacterial community structure are not yet clear. A basal diet without chitosan served as the control(CTL), and the treatment diets were supplemented with chitosan with different molecular weights: 1 000(1K), 3 000(3K), 5 000(5K), 50 000(5W) and 200 000(20W) dry matter(DM). Six fermentation units per treatment were established. Gas chromatography was used to measure the concentrations of methane, H_2 and volatile fatty acids(VFAs). The bacterial 16S rRNA genes were sequenced with an Illumina MiSeq platform and analysed to reveal the relative abundances of bacterial community taxa. The results showed that the propionate proportion was significantly increased by the addition of chitosan with different molecular weights(P0.05), while methane production and the acetate proportion were significantly decreased(P0.05). The relative abundances of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG_003 were significantly increased in the 3K chitosan group compared with the CTL group, whereas the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group was significantly decreased(P0.05). Correlation analyses of the relative abundances of the bacterial genera showed that Prevotella was positively related to propionate production(P0.05). In conclusion, 3K chitosan could reduce methane production by replacing fibrolytic bacteria(Firmicutes and Fibrobacteres) with amylolytic bacteria(Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria) in the bacterial community structure.     

Screening of Human CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 Inhibitors from Seaweed In Silico and In Vitro

Phenolic compounds and carotenoids are potential inhibitors of cytochrome P450s. Sixteen known compounds, phenolic compounds and carotenoids from seaweed were examined for potential inhibitory capacity against CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in silico and in vitro. Morin, quercetin, and fucoxanthin inhibited the enzyme activity of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in a dose-dependent manner. The IC₅₀ values of morin, quercetin, and fucoxanthin were 41.8, 22.5, and 30.3 μM for CYP1A2 and 86.6, 16.1, and 24.4 μM for CYP3A4, respectively. Siphonaxanthin and hesperidin did not show any significant effect on CYP1A2, but they slightly inhibited CYP3A4 activity at high concentrations. In silico modeling of CYP’s binding site revealed that the potential inhibitors bound in the cavity located above the distal surface of the heme prosthetic group through the 2a or 2f channel of CYPs. This study presents an approach for quickly predicting CYP inhibitory activity and shows the potential interactions of compounds and CYPs through in silico modeling.     

Genetic bases of source-,sink-,and yield-related traits revealed by genome-wide association study in Xian rice

The source-sink relationship determines the ultimate grain yield.We investigated the genetic basis of the relationship between source and sink and yield potential in rice.In two environments,we identified quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with sink capacity(total spikelet number per panicle and thousand-grain weight),source leaf(flag leaf length,flag leaf width and flag leaf area),source-sink relationship(total spikelet number to flag leaf area ratio)and yield-related traits(filled grain number per panicle,panicle number per plant,grain yield per plant,biomass per plant,and harvest index)by genome-wide association analysis using 272 Xian(indica)accessions.The panel showed substantial variation for all traits in the two environments and revealed complex phenotypic correlations.A total of 70 QTL influencing the 11 traits were identified using 469,377 high-quality SNP markers.Five QTL were detected consistently in four chromosomal regions in both environments.Five QTL clusters simultaneously affected source,sink,source–sink relationship,and grain yield traits,probably explaining the genetic basis of significant correlations of grain yield with source and sink traits.We selected 24 candidate genes in the four consistent QTL regions by identifying linkage disequilibrium(LD)blocks associated with significant SNPs and performing haplotype analysis.The genes included one cloned gene(NOG1)and three newly identified QTL(qHI6,qTGW7,and qFLA8).These results provide a theoretical basis for high-yield rice breeding by increasing and balancing source–sink relationships using marker-assisted selection.     

渭河流域生态功能区划

以渭河流域为研究对象,根据流域生态环境现状,建立合理的指标体系,结合GIS与RS技术对研究区进行区划,并针对各功能区的主导生态功能或主要生态问题制定相应生态环境保护与建设重点。结果表明:渭河流域可被划分为7个生态功能区:①防旱抗旱区;②农业种植区;③牧业发展区;④水源涵养区;⑤防风固沙区;⑥植被保护区;⑦土壤侵蚀控制区。本研究为区域有效开发利用资源,合理制定生态环境保护措施提供科学依据。     

生物炭对Bt Cry1Ac蛋白抗紫外能力影响

为了研究生物炭对紫外线的防护作用,以豆壳烧制的生物炭作为载体,研究生物炭对Bt Cry1Ac蛋白的吸附行为以及生物炭对Cry1Ac蛋白的紫外保护作用。使用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X-射线粉末衍射以及傅立叶红外光谱等手段对生物炭的形貌和结构进行表征。结果表明,生物炭是典型的多孔结构材料,表面具有丰富的官能团。Cry1Ac蛋白与生物炭吸附平衡时间为50 min,最合适的吸附浓度比（生物炭：蛋白）为1：100,二者吸附符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir模型。在UVB紫外照射4 h后,生物炭与Cry1Ac蛋白复合物对棉铃虫的生物活性是单纯蛋白的4.93倍,显示生物炭具有较好的紫外抵抗效果。研究结果初步表明,制备得到的生物炭能够显著提高Cry1Ac蛋白的抗紫外能力,为后续研发耐受紫外线的农药剂型提供新材料。