刺糖多孢菌高产菌株和野生型菌株多杀菌素生物合成基因簇(spn)在发酵过程中的表达分析

多杀菌素(spinosad)作为一种高效、低毒生物杀虫剂,已在农药、兽药、卫生用药等领域得到应用。中国关于多杀菌素的研究起步较晚,进展缓慢,目前仍无法实现产业化生产。本研究旨在分析刺糖多孢菌(Saccharopolyspora spinosa)高产菌株ASAGF73与野生型菌株ATCC49460在发酵过程中多杀菌素合成基因簇(spinosyn biosynthetic gene cluster,spn)的表达变化及差异,初步判断影响多杀菌素合成的关键限速步骤。生物信息学分析表明,spn基因簇含有9个转录子,分别在各转录子中设计引物,进行RTPCR检测其表达情况。结果显示,突变株ASAGF73中多杀菌素的产量提高可能与spn基因簇中部分基因的高表达有关,其中编码聚酮合酶(polyketide synthase,PKS)的基因和参与大环内联桥形成的基因表达量远高于野生型菌株的。在ASAGF73中编码鼠李糖转移酶的spn G基因在发酵前期过量表达,而在后期大量合成多杀菌素时表达减弱,有可能成为多杀菌素合成的限速步骤。本研究初步阐明能够提高多杀菌素产量的分子机制,为构建多杀菌素高产基因工程菌提供参考。     

四川省泸定县磨西台地地质灾害遥感监测研究

利用多时相,多平台卫星遥感数据,对四川省泸定县磨西台地的地质灾害开展了遥感监测.研究了地质灾害的发展演化趋势,判定了地质灾害的稳定性,为磨西台地的地质灾害防治提供了科学依据.遥感监测显示,自2006年1月2日至2009年12月21日的近4 a,磨西台地内无新发生泥石流和崩塌灾害,原已发生的泥石流和崩塌也未见明显复发,泥石流处于停歇期,崩塌处于稳定状态.大部分滑坡处于稳定状态,只有1处新发生的滑坡还在发展之中,处于不稳定状态,存在进一步发展的可能,需进一步加强监测.磨西台地岸坡的冲蚀滑塌和浅层流滑则一直在持续发展,对磨西台地岸坡的稳定构成威胁,并造成磨西台地面积的缩小,需要及时治理.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同侵蚀环境下幼苗库动态变化特征

幼苗是植物生活史中一个不可缺失的阶段,对自然植被恢复起着非常重要的作用。为了探索黄土丘陵沟壑区不同侵蚀环境下幼苗库的动态变化特征,选择5种不同侵蚀环境(阳沟坡、阳峁坡、峁顶、阴峁坡、阴沟坡)下的15个样地,通过野外定点跟踪调查,运用单因素方差分析法对幼苗物种数、幼苗密度、物种多样性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)不同侵蚀环境下幼苗物种数从阴沟坡到阴峁坡、峁顶、阳峁坡、阳沟坡依次减少,且幼苗物种组成存在差异;生长季内不同月份间幼苗物种数呈现先波动性增大后降低的动态变化趋势,最大值出现在9月初。(2)不同侵蚀环境间幼苗密度差异性显著,阴峁坡最大,阳沟坡最小;不同月份间幼苗密度具有明显的先升后降的动态变化特征,最大值出现在7月初,最小值出现在4月初或11月中旬。(3)不同侵蚀环境间阴坡幼苗物种丰富多样,阳坡幼苗物种较为单一;不同月份间幼苗物种多样性指数和丰富度指数呈现出4—9月份逐渐增大至峰值,10月初和11月中旬稍有降低的趋势。     

Molecular weight-dependent electron transfer capacities of dissolved organic matter derived from sewage sludge compost

Purpose

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been shown to be an efficient electron transfer facilitator in biogeochemical reactions due to its ability to mediate redox reactions. It has been known that various fractions of DOM differed in their chemical and biogeochemical behaviors in environment. However, there has been relatively little work directed at predicting the dependence of redox properties of DOM on its fractions.

Materials and methods

DOM was extracted from sewage sludge compost. Freeze-dried DOM was grouped into three fractions of different molecular sizes (<3,500, 3,500–14,000, and >14,000 Da) using dialysis bags (Spectra/Por 3 and 4, Spectrum Industries, California, US). Cycle voltammetry was used to investigate the redox behavior of the fractions. Chronoamperometry was employed to study their electron accepting capacities and electron donating capacities by applying fixed positive or negative potential to the working electrode in a conventional three-electrode cell. Fourier-transform infrared and three-dimensional excitation/emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopies were used to determine the functional groups in the fractions. Shewanella putrefaciens 200 (SP200) and Klebsiella pneumoniae L17 (L17) were used for all microbial iron(III) reduction experiments.

Results and discussion

Electrochemical methods show that the electron transfer capacity (ETC) of DOM depends on its molecular weight, and ETC is in the order of high-molecular weight DOM (H-DOM) > moderate-molecular weight DOM > low-molecular weight DOM. The same trend is discovered in the DOM-stimulated iron(III) oxide bioreduction where DOM fractions act as electron shuttles transferring electrons from the Fe(III)-reducing bacteria to the iron oxide. Both spectroscopic and cyclic voltammogram assays show the highest abundance of redox moieties associated to H-DOM, which is possibly responsible for its strongest electron-shuttling ability.

Conclusions

DOM has a wide molecular weight (MW) distribution due to the complexity of its chemical composition and structure. In addition to structural variations, DOM fractions with different MW have different redox properties and electron-shuttling capacities in microbial Fe(III) reduction. The results are of great significance for further studies on DOM geochemical behavior in environment.     

微生物有机肥结合土壤改良剂防治烟草青枯病

盆栽试验设置了五个处理:对照(T1)、施用普通有机肥(T2)、施用SQY-7号微生物有机肥(T3)、石灰处理土壤后施用SQY-7号微生物有机肥(T4)、石灰和碳铵处理土壤后施用SQY-7号微生物有机肥(T5),用DGGE和平板计数法研究了根际土壤微生物群落的多样性,旨在探讨微生物有机肥及微生物有机肥结合土壤改良剂对烟草青枯病的防治效果和对烟草根际土壤细菌群落多样性的影响.结果表明:连作土壤中,施用普通有机肥(T2)不仅不能防治烟草青枯病,还提高了烟草青枯病的病情指数,而施用微生物有机肥处理(T3、T4和T5)对烟草青枯病的防治效果达66.7％～87.9％;施用微生物有机肥可显著改变根际微生物区系结构:T2处理的根际土壤细菌和放线菌数量较T1处理略有增加,真菌数量则较T1处理增加了1.1倍;T3和T4处理的根际土壤细菌分别较T1处理增加了3.5倍和6.1倍,同时,放线菌数量分别增加了3.7倍和3.5倍,而真菌数量分别下降了66.2％和70.1％;T5处理的根际土壤细菌和放线菌数量较T1处理分别增加了13.6倍和5.1倍,真菌数量下降了75.0％;各处理的细菌群落多样性均较T1处理增加.初步研究表明,连作病害土壤用石灰和碳铵预处理后再施用SQY-7号微生物有机肥能有效防控烟草青枯病和减缓连作生物障碍,其作用机制主要通过改变微生物区系和降低病原菌数量实现.     

Effects of irrigation and plowing on soil carbon dioxide efflux in a poplar plantation chronosequence in northwest China

Soil respiration in forest plantations can be greatly affected by management practices. Irrigation is necessary for high productivity of poplar plantations in semi-arid northwest China. Moreover, plowing is essential for improving soil quality and reducing evaporation. In the present study, the influences of irrigation and plowing on soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) efflux were investigated in poplar plantations in 2007 and 2008. The experiments included three stand age classes receiving three treatments: control, irrigation, and plowing. Mean soil respiration in irrigation treatment stands was 5.47, 4.86, and 4.43?µmol?m^?2?s^?1 in 3-, 8-, and 15-year-old stands, respectively, during the growing season. In contrast, mean soil respiration in control stands was 3.71, 3.83, and 3.98?µmol?m^?2?s^?1 in 3-, 8-, and 15-year-old stands, respectively. During the entire observation period, mean soil respiration in plowing treatment stands increased by 36.2% compared with that in the control stands. Mean soil respiration in irrigation treatment stands was significantly higher than that in the control stands; this was mainly because fine root growth and decomposer activities were greatly depressed by soil drought, since natural precipitation could not meet their water demands. The results also suggest that plowing management can greatly increase soil CO₂ emission by modifying soil structure. After plowing, soil bulk density decreased and soil aeration was greatly improved, leading to greater rates of oxidation and mineralization.     

Biochar improves sediment microbial fuel cell performance in low conductivity freshwater sediment

Purpose

The low conductivity of sediments for mass and electron transport is the most severe limiting factor in sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs), so that sediment ameliorations yielded more remarkable effects than electrode improvements. The objective of this research was to enhance the electricity generation of SMFCs with amendments of biochar to freshwater sediments for conductivity enhancement.

Materials and methods

Laboratory-scale SMFCs were constructed and biochars were produced from coconut shells at different temperatures. Variations in the power output, electrode potential, internal resistance, total organic carbon (TOC) content, and microbial communities were measured.

Results and discussion

Amending with biochar reduced the charge transfer resistances of SMFCs and enriched the Firmicutes (mainly Fusibacter sp.) in the sediment, which improved the SMFC power generation by two- to tenfold and enhanced the TOC removal rate by 1.7- to fourfold relative to those without the amendment.

Conclusions

The results suggested that biochar amendment is a promising strategy to enhance SMFC power production, and the electrical conductivity of biochar should be considered important when interpreting the impact biochar has on the electrical performance of soil or freshwater sediment MFCs.

     

DOC与POC耦合柴油机燃用调合生物柴油颗粒物的排放特性

在一台高压共轨柴油机上进行燃用调合生物柴油(B0、B10和B20)台架试验,利用MOUDI颗粒分级采样系统和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分别研究氧化催化器(diesel oxidation catalyst,DOC)结合颗粒氧化催化器(particle oxidation catalyst,POC)对颗粒物的粒径质量浓度分布和可溶性有机组分(SOF)的影响。结果表明:随着生物柴油的掺混比增加,各粒径范围的排气颗粒物质量浓度均下降,质量浓度峰值均在0.18~0.32μm;颗粒物SOF中脂类、酸类质量分数增加,烷烃类、芳香烃、酚类物质质量分数减少;B0和B20的碳原子数质量分数均呈现近似以C16为峰值的正态分布。加装DOC+POC后,3种燃料颗粒物的质量浓度均降低,聚集态颗粒的质量浓度转化率高于粗颗粒态,其中B20聚集态转化率最高,为58.36%;随着生物柴油的掺混比增加,DOC+POC对SOF的转化率增大,其中B20颗粒中SOF转化率达65.15%;DOC+POC对脂类和酸类物质净化作用明显,加装DOC+POC后,B20脂类和酸类物质的质量分数降幅分别为55.45%和43.27%;DOC+POC对B20颗粒物中SOF的C12~C18氧化作用明显。     

风沙吹蚀与干湿循环作用下风积沙混凝土抗氯盐侵蚀机理

针对风蚀区盐湖及盐渍土环境下服役的混凝土,配制满足特殊环境下工程要求的风积沙混凝土.分析风沙吹蚀与干湿循环耦合作用下风积沙混凝土抗氯盐侵蚀的损伤过程,借助超景深三维显微镜、X射线衍射物相分析、核磁共振孔隙分析等手段探讨风积沙混凝土抗氯盐侵蚀耐久性机理.研究表明风沙吹蚀对混凝土表面产生破坏,干湿循环对混凝土内部造成损伤;风沙吹蚀对混凝土表面造成的“吹蚀坑”可为盐离子入侵混凝土内部提供“通道”;氯盐侵蚀后生成以Friedel盐为代表的腐蚀结晶物,可填充1～4 nm胶凝孔,消耗Ca(OH)2等有效物质,迫使4～10nm小毛细孔增多,随盐蚀损伤程度加剧,10～20 nm中毛细孔和20～100 nm大毛细孔向＞100 nm非毛细孔发展,非毛细孔彼此贯通产生裂纹,致使混凝土加速破坏.该研究可为风积沙混凝土在风蚀区氯盐环境下农业水利工程建设与应用提供依据.     

基于物联网的内河小型渔船动态信息监控系统设计

为规范内河流域渔业生产秩序,保障渔船作业安全,该文设计了基于物联网的内河小型渔船动态信息监控系统。该系统集成了无线传感器网络、远程信息传输、远端后台监控等多种技术方法。其中,无线传感器网络主要用于获取包括渔船位置、电捕鱼违法监测信息和渔船超载检测信息等渔业现场数据。依靠Zig Bee技术,该网络实现了对不同类别传感器数据的汇聚、判断以及远程播发。远程信息传输是利用GPRS/GSM移动通信网络与互联网传输技术,实现了多渔船作业信息向后台监控中心的实时传输。后台渔政监控中心,具有渔船在电子地图上的识别与定位,渔业生产的实时监控以及渔政执法的决策辅助等功能。该系统经测试,可满足内河流域作业渔船在实时监管和安全保障等方面的需求,提高了农业渔政管理的水平。