Subsurface drip irrigation and reclaimed water quality effects on phosphorus and salinity distribution and forage production

In the Canary Islands, water scarcity is one of the constraints for agricultural activity. Non-conventional water resources generally represent more water volume than conventional ones. The distribution of these resources frequently permits the possibility of a conjunctive use of desalinated (DW) water and reclaimed municipal wastewater (RW). Field testing with both water qualities and different irrigation systems is necessary for optimal site-specific management. The objective of this work was to evaluate soil salinity and phosphorus distribution, and alfalfa yield in a 20 month field experiment carried out in the island of Gran Canaria, using municipal RW and freshwater (FW) under subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). Phosphorus speciation was performed both in irrigation waters and in soils (Olsen's inorganic, organic, and microbial). RW had large EC values (2.4 dS m⁻¹) with a remarkable nutrient load contribution and an average total P around 3 mg L⁻¹, predominantly hydrolysable forms, while FW had very low salinity and negligible amounts of P. For the RW treatment a salt gradient was established, causing plant mortality between the irrigation lines. The study of P speciation allows describing P distribution and plant uptake in terms of P forms. Large values of microbial P were produced for the two irrigation waters around the emitters, especially for FW.A faster P-cycling could have contributed to the significantly larger inorganic P contents observed in FW irrigated soils, in spite no external sources were added by the irrigation water.     

基于人工智能的汽油机瞬态空燃比控制策略研究

介绍并对比了基于神经网络和模糊控制的瞬态空燃比控制方法,二者均不要求控制对象为非常精确的模型。特别在应用的非线性理论建模还不十分完善的情况下。神经网络控制器和模糊控制器的这个优点更为突出。     

基于计算机视觉的新疆棉种颜色分选系统设计

设计了一套基于机器视觉的脱绒棉种在线分选系统,采用种子平抛和气吹分离的方式实现了新疆地区红棕色棉种与黑色棉种的自动分选。研究了无序状态下的种子图像采集方法,并通过区域细分的方式解决了无序种子与气流喷嘴的对应关系。提出了种子位置跟踪和分离算法,实现了对棉种图像处理结果的延时分离操作。实验结果表明:在传送带速度为0.50 m/s时,分选精度为88.6%,选出率为80.7%。     

低温物流过程中果蔬贮藏期预测模型与预测器

基于能量守恒原理,推导了基于0℃贮运条件下剩余贮藏期的计算式.结合现有的实验数据,在0～20℃范围内,得出了8种蔬菜贮藏期与贮藏温度之间的关系式和在0℃贮运条件下的贮藏期预测方程.经过芹菜在0、2、4、6和8℃的储藏实验证明,理论推导出的贮藏期与实验所得贮藏期相差时间不超过2d.并综合信息无线发送技术,开发了具有库存管理功能的果蔬贮藏期预测器,实际运用结果表明,预测结果具有较高的精度.     

不同灌溉制度对温室番茄光合特性的影响

光合对植物生长有直接影响,是作物产量形成的基础,因此研究不同灌溉制度对温室番茄生理变化的影响,对于温室番茄生产有积极的意义.试验采用传统灌溉方式为对比,研究了温室番茄滴灌条件下的灌溉制度对其光合参数及水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:滴灌可以使温室番茄的净光合速率峰值提前,提高水分利用效率;番茄的气孔导度与净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率显著相关;灌水量较低时,可以通过缩短灌水间隔来提高温室番茄的水分利用效率.     

立式多级筒袋泵吸入装置的优化设计

通过试验和数值计算,研究了立式多级筒袋泵的空化性能及泵内空化流场．为改善立式多级筒袋泵的吸入性能,分析了几种叶轮几何参数对泵空化的影响。研究结果表明：采用叶片进口断面面积较大的双吸式首级叶轮,且在首级叶轮的两侧进口加设诱导轮,大幅提高了立式多级筒袋泵的空化性能,使泵的空化比转速达1479;基于均衡混合流假设的空化模型,可合理预测泵的平均空化性能,模拟的空化流场有助于了解水力设计诸因素对泵内空化发展的影响;在设计诱导轮及首级叶轮时,选取较大的叶片进口安放角有利于改善泵装置的吸入性能,同时有利于发挥诱导轮的功效．     

Suitability of mapped sequence tagged microsatellite site markers for establishing distinctness, uniformity and stability in aromatic rice

At present, testing for distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) of crop varieties relies on a set of morphological characters. These characters suffer fromthe limitations of number, interaction with the environment in which the variety grows and subjectivity in decision-making. The potential of DNA-based markers such as sequence tagged microsatellite site (STMS), for establishing DUS merits investigation. In the present study, a set of 55 mapped STMS markers, selected from 12 linkage groups of rice genome, was used to examine distinctness of 23 aromatic rice genotypes including the commercially important Basmati varieties. Forty-one of these markers (74.5%) showed polymorphism between the varieties. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2–4 with an average of 2.3. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of the markers varied from 0.083 to 0.665 with an average of 0.338. All the varieties could be differentiated from each other at a low probability (0.07×10^-13) of identical match by chance. The marker-based clustering of the varieties corresponded with the known phenotypic classification, thereby providing confidence in the distinctness established by the mapped STMS markers. The utility of these markers to study uniformity and stability was analysed using a commercially important crossbred Basmati rice variety Pusa Basmati 1(IET-10364) that contributes about 40–50% of Basmati rice export from India. Genotyping of twenty individual plants, grown from the nucleus, breeder, foundation, certified and farmer's saved seed samples using all the 55 markers revealed no variation among the plants. These observations suggested that the set of mapped markers employed in this study could be further used for establishing distinctness of aromatic rice varieties and for studying DUS of the important commercial variety Pusa Basmati 1. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

转抗菌肽基因辣椒株系的青枯病抗性鉴定及系统选育

利用通过农杆菌介导技术获得的T0代转抗菌肽基因辣椒植株为试材,对其自交株系世代群体连续进行抗青枯病鉴定筛选、分子生物学检测和系统选育,首次获得了具有抗青枯病能力的转抗菌肽基因辣椒稳定株系。同时,对其主要果实性状、青枯病抗性进行的对比试验结果表明,转抗菌肽辣椒株系除抗青枯病能力明显提高外,果实性状基本不变。上述结果显示,外源目的基因主要特性的遗传是稳定的、表达是忠实的,从实践上验证了转抗菌肽基因工程操作的实用性。     

Nitrogen Accumulation and Translocation for Winter Wheat under Different Irrigation Regimes

The translocation of pre‐anthesis nitrogen to the grain is an important source for winter wheat. The relation between the nitrogen translocation and irrigation regime was studied in the field under a rain‐proof trough shelter. Nitrogen (N) translocation amount, N translocation efficiency decreased with a decline in irrigation amount or by excessive irrigation. Compared with different organs, the leaf and stem had higher N translocation amounts, and contributions to grain for both cultivars – Jinan 17 and Lumai 21, indicating that stem also is a major N source for grain development. The contribution of pre‐anthesis total above ground N to grain N ranged from 57 to 76 %, indicating the importance of pre‐anthesis storage of N for achieving high grain N concentrations. Grain nitrogen and yield (kg ha^?1) were positively and significantly correlated with the N translocation amounts and contributions, respectively, suggesting that the sink strength may be involved in the translocation of N from a vegetative organ to the grain. N harvest index (NHI) was significantly correlated with N translocation efficiency, suggesting that the latter is a prerequisite for increasing grain N and improving grain quality. The experiment showed that N translocation status is enhanced by better irrigation practices, but limited by severely deficient or excessive irrigation.     

糯玉米新品种“银糯一号”的选育

“银糯一号”是北京农学院生物技术系于2000年是以XN-5自交系为母本，BN51自交系为父本杂交而成的糯玉米杂交种。该品种经2000~2001年的测交试验，2002~2003年的产比试验，2004-2005年的北京市区域试验，皆比对照“中糯一号”增产30.8%（鲜穗）和20.7%（鲜粒）以上，大面积生产鲜穗产量达10800kg/公顷以上。在2006年3月北京市农作物品种审定委员会审定通过(京审玉2006008)。