甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)研究新进展

甲基叔丁基醚(WTBE)是一种汽油添加剂,广泛应用于中高档汽油中。其对环境造成的污粢和对人体健康造成的危害日益引起人们的高度重视。文中介绍了MTBE对人和环境的潜在危害,阐述了国外对MTBE污粢地下水的异位和原位生物处理方法,并综述了MTBE的分析方法,指出了我国开展WTBE有关研究的重要性。     

鳗鲡卵黄蛋白的生物效应

鳗鲡卵黄蛋白制备物与血清在SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳上分别呈现出2条相对应的蛋白区带,迁移率(R_f)相同。对照组雌鳗经5次和7次注射HCG与CPG后,成熟系数(GSI)分别为(11.94±2.83)%和(46.04±6.22)%,血清中17β-雌二醇(17β-E_2)浓度为(0.665±0.431)ng/ml和(0.421±0.010)ng/ml,睾酮(T)为(4.603±3.442)ng/ml和(3.817±1.399)ng/ml,经HCG.CPG与鳗鲡卵黄蛋白三者混合注射5次和7次后,GSI分别为(16.53±6.67)%和(53.23±11.25)%,血清中17β-E_2浓度为(1.036±0.316)ng/ml和(0.411±0.068)ng/ml,T为(11.170±5.818)ng/ml和(3.956±1.780)ng/ml。未经注射催情药物的雌鳗GSI为(0.50±0.32)%,血清中17β-E_2和T浓度低,检测不出。试验结果证明,外源性鳗鲡卵黄蛋白与HCG和CPG三者混合注射具有明显的促进鳗鲡卵巢加速发育成熟的作用。     

精养鱼池施用新型磷肥——“鱼特灵”

本文通过在精养鱼池中施用新型磷肥“鱼特灵”,使池水有效磷由10微克/升以下提高到30微克/升以上,有效氮明显下降,有效N/P保持在35～50:1,浮游植物数量显著增加。试验地浮游植物数量(Y)与总铵(NH_4-N+NH_3-N)(X_1)、NO_3-N(X_2)、PO_4-P(X_4)呈如下关系式:Y=55.94-0.67X_1-11.61X_2-47.95X_4(r=0.73,n=28,P<0.05)达到了增施磷肥,促进氮肥利用和浮游植物增殖,改善水质,提高池塘初级生产力的目的。施用“鱼特灵”后,池塘平均净产增长11.6%,其中鲢、鳙净产增长13.7%。     

无瓣海桑对乡土红树植物的化感作用

以外来种无瓣海桑为供体,通过室内栽培实验探讨了无瓣海桑各器官水浸液的不同浓度(即0 1、0 2、0 3、0 4、0 5g·mL-1)对我国4个乡土红树植物的化感作用。结果表明:无瓣海桑对各乡土红树植物均存在化感作用,对胚轴萌发的影响大于对幼苗生长的影响;除最低浓度外,不同浓度的各器官水浸液均能明显抑制各乡土红树植物的萌发,且随着浓度增大抑制作用增强;所有水浸液均表现出高浓度下抑制幼苗生长,随着浓度的降低抑制作用减弱,甚至转为促进的规律;各器官的水浸液对各乡土红树植物的萌发和幼苗生长的抑制作用为:果>根>凋落叶;高浓度时,无瓣海桑的各器官水浸液对不同受体红树植物的幼苗生长抑制强度不同。     

山楂质量标准研究进展

简述了山楂的质量标准和对其改进的必要性,以及山楂的种类、主栽品种与营养成分,着重介绍了山楂中几种药用有效成分的研究情况,并作出了评价。指出了山楂研究的前景。     

The importance of an indigenous tree to southern African communities with specific relevance to its domestication and commercialization:a case of the marula tree

Local communities in southern Africa derive many benefits from marula [Sclerocarya birrea(A.Rich.) Hochst.subsp.caffra(Sond.) Kokwaro].These include the contribution of this species towards health,nutrition,food security and conservation by sharing local skills and knowledge related to it.Marula fruits can be eaten fresh,squeezed to make juice,brewed in traditional beer or used to make jam and jelly.The kernels are also edible and can be pressed to extract oil for cooking and cosmetics,i.e.,for skin and hai...     

Achieving food and nutritional security through agroforestry: a case of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Faidherbia albida</Emphasis> in sub-Saharan Africa

Faidherbia albida is an ideal agroforestry tree commonly intercropped with annual crops like millet and groundnuts in the dry and densely populated areas of Africa. With its peculiar reverse phenology, it makes growth demands at a different time from that of crops. In addition, it deposits great amount of organic fertilizer on food crops. Leaves entering soils are comparable to fertilization of almost 50 t·ha 1 ·year 1 of manure in dense stands of 50 large trees per ha. These nutrients help maximize agricultural production and reduce the need for a fallow period on poorer soils. Research has shown that millet grown under F. albida yielded 2.5 and 3.4 fold increases in grain and protein, respectively. Animals eat pods which contain mean amounts of crude protein of 20.63% and carbohydrate of 40.1% in seeds. Moreover, the continued existence of F. albida in agroforestry parklands as in Ethiopia and Mali signifies the success of traditional conservation measures. Modern scientists have also developed much interest in the role of agroforestry in maintaining long-term biological balance between agriculture and livestock production systems. To ensure food security, which still remains a major challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, and concurrently minimize environmental degradation, promotion of agroforestry that specifically involves indigenous trees is crucial. We discuss the prospective role of F. albida in alleviating poverty while simultaneously protecting the environment from factors associated with, for example, deforestation and loss of biodiversity. The overall aim is to promote wide-scale adoption of F. albida as a valuable tree crop in farming systems, particularly in those areas where it remains unexploited.     

河流游憩规划的基本问题探讨

在对河流游憩概念认识、发展背景和研究进展进行分析的基础上,从资源保护的视角出发,对河流游憩规划的本质和国外规划实践中所面临的基本问题及其解决方法进行深入探讨,认为游憩利用和保护的关系协调、游憩和其他河流利用的关系协调、游憩利用本身所面临的问题是河流游憩规划需要解决的基本问题,得出保护性利用是河流游憩规划主旋律的结论。     

徐州石灰岩山地不同植被恢复模式对土壤健康的影响

在对徐州石灰岩山地不同植被恢复类型土壤理化性质研究的基础上,综合分析了不同植被恢复类型对土壤健康影响,结果表明：石灰岩山地不同植被恢复模式土壤健康存在明显差异。其中：针阔混交林中土壤物理性质较好,说明混交林在一定程度上改善了土壤物理性质;土壤有机质和各养分含量上层明显高于下层,且各养分含量均以针阔混交林最高,进一步说明混交林在一定程度上改善了土壤化学性质。应用主成分分析方法对3种植被类型林分土壤健康状况综合评价指标主成分得分,针叶林为-8.309,针阔混交林为6.876,阔叶林为1.433。各类型林分土壤健康状况排序为：针阔混交林〉阔叶林〉针叶林,表明针阔混交林能够改善土壤健康状况。建议在徐州石灰岩山地上应以针阔混交林为主要恢复模式,从而提高该地区土壤的健康水平。     

李杏混栽园食心虫种类及其种群动态调查

以辽宁省果树科学研究所李杏资源圃为研究对象,利用4种食心虫的性诱剂,诱捕调查圃内食心虫发生种类及其种群消长动态。结果表明,李杏资源圃食心虫发生种类有梨小食心虫、李小食心虫、桃小食心虫和桃蛀螟4种,优势种群为梨小食心虫和李小食心虫。梨小食心虫后期蛾量高峰与低谷难以准确界定,世代重叠现象严重;李小食心虫一年有3个发生高峰期;桃小食心虫一年有2个发生高峰期。桃蛀螟全年只诱到3头成虫,可以忽略不计。