高产奶牛福利

近20年，荷斯坦牛成为优势奶牛品种，营养改善促使奶牛产奶量大幅度增加，工厂化管理致使奶牛运动量减少、生产性疾病频发，奶牛康乐受到严重威胁，因此，改善高产奶牛福利的呼声高涨。本文以生产性疾患为中心，从规模化生产、遗传改良、畜舍环境等角度讨论了高产奶牛的福利问题。     

Prediction of human cases of West Nile virus by equine cases, Saskatchewan, Canada, 2003

In 2003, an outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) occurred in Saskatchewan, Canada from July to September. One-hundred thirty-three horse cases and 947 human cases were recorded and data were analyzed retrospectively for evidence of clustering to determine if clinical infection in the horse population could be used to estimate human risk of infection with WNV. Kulldorff's scan statistic was used to identify spatial-temporal clusters in both the human and horse cases. In most areas, human clusters were not preceded by horse clusters. In one area, a significant cluster of horse cases preceded human cases by 1 week; however, 1 week does not provide sufficient time for human-health authorities to act and provide advance warning for the public.     

绵羊体内外受精胚胎玻璃化冷冻保存

用 EFS4 0溶液对绵羊体内外受精的早期囊胚进行了玻璃化冷冻保存的研究。经卵母细胞体外成熟、体外受精和体外培养获得的早期囊胚 ,分别作如下处理 :( A) 1 0 %EG中预处理 5min后 ,在 EFS4 0平衡 3 0 s(两步法 ) ;( B) EFS4 0中平衡 1 min(一步法 ) ;( C) EFS4 0中平衡 2 min(一步法 )。然后投入液氮中冷冻保存 ,解冻胚胎的继续发育率分别为 80 %、78%和 50 %,A、B2组的结果与对照组 ( 88%)无显著性差异 ( P >0 .0 5)。经超数排卵获得的体内受精早期囊胚用两步法冷冻保存 ,解冻后胚胎发育继续率为 89%,与对照组( 93 %)也无显著性差异 ( P >0 .0 5)     

动物组织中四环素类抗生素残留的ELISA检测研究——土霉素抗体的制备

四环素类抗生素属小分子半抗原物质 ,必须与大分子物质结合才能产生免疫原性。本试验采用重氮化法合成土霉素 牛血清白蛋白 (BSA OTC)及土霉素 鼠血清白蛋白 (RSA OTC)人工抗原 ,用紫外扫描对其进行鉴定。以BSA OTC免疫家兔制备抗血清 ,以RSA OTC为包被抗原 ,采用双向免疫扩散法和ELISA方法对抗血清进行鉴定。结果表明用重氮化法合成的人工抗原对四环素类药物有特异的抗原抗体反应 ,抗血清效价达 1 2 8× 1 0 5,完全能够满足四环素类药物残留的ELISA检测要求     

Evaluation of transmission of swine influenza type A subtype H1N2 virus in seropositive pigs

OBJECTIVE: To examine clinical signs, virus infection and shedding, and transmission of swine influenza virus (SIV) subtype H1N2 among seropositive pigs. ANIMALS: Eighteen 3-week-old pigs with maternal antibodies against SIV subtypes H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2. PROCEDURE: Ten pigs (principal) were inoculated intranasally with subtype H1N2 and 2 groups of contact pigs (n = 4) each were mixed with principal pigs on day 7 (group 1) or 28 (group 2). Two principal pigs each were necropsied on days 4, 14, 21, 28, and 42 days after inoculation. Four pigs in each contact group were necropsied 35 and 14 days after contact. Virus excretion was evaluated after inoculation or contact. Lung lesions and the presence of SIV in various tissues were examined. RESULTS: Mild coughing and increased rectal temperature were observed in principal pigs but not in contact pigs. Nasal virus shedding was detected in all principal pigs from day 2 for 3 to 5 days, in group 1 pigs from day 2 for 4 to 9 days after contact, and in group 2 pigs from day 4 for 2 to 6 days after contact. Trachea, lung, and lymph node specimens from infected pigs contained virus. Antibody titers against all 3 subtypes in all pigs gradually decreased. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Protection from viral infection and shedding was not observed in pigs with maternal antibodies, but clinical disease did not develop. Vaccination programs and good management practices should be considered for control of SIV subtype H1N2 infection on swine farms.     

The characteristics of European,Mediterranean and other populations of white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Indigenous populations of white clover (Trifolium repens L) collected from Europe, the Mediterranean area, as well as other parts of the world have been grown as spaced plants at Aberystwyth. Data were collected on various morphological characters, green weight and leaf marks.Leaflet length, width, area, plant height and green weight were all strongly correlated, but not the flowering date or leaflet shape (= ratio length/width).The mean leaflet size of Mediterranean populations (the supposed centre of origin) was very variable, and decreased northwards. All British populations were uniformly small leaved.Most of the populations were much less vigorous than the bred control varieties and only a few equalled them. Nevertheless some of the introductions exhibited seasonal growth patterns, especially growth into the autumn, and large leaves that could be usefully incorporated in improved varieties. Populations originating one step back towards the centre of origin will probably be the most useful when immediate adaptation is the aim.     

Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis in Atypical Dog Breeds: A Case Series and Literature Review

Background

Canine necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME) is a fatal, noninfectious inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. NME has been reported only in a small number of dog breeds, which has led to the presumption that it is a breed‐restricted disorder.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Our objective was to describe histopathologically confirmed NME in dog breeds in which the condition has not been reported previously and to provide preliminary evidence that NME affects a wider spectrum of dog breeds than previously reported.

Animals

Four dogs with NME.

Methods

Archives from 3 institutions and from 1 author''s (BS) collection were reviewed to identify histopathologically confirmed cases of NME in breeds in which the disease has not been reported previously. Age, sex, breed, survival from onset of clinical signs, and histopathologic findings were evaluated.

Results

Necrotizing meningoencephalitis was identified in 4 small dog breeds (Papillon, Shih Tzu, Coton de Tulear, and Brussels Griffon). Median age at clinical evaluation was 2.5 years. Histopathologic abnormalities included 2 or more of the following: lymphoplasmacytic or histiocytic meningoencephalitis or encephalitis, moderate‐to‐severe cerebrocortical necrosis, variable involvement of other anatomic locations within the brain (cerebellum, brainstem), and absence of detectable infectious agents.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Until now, NME has only been described in 5 small dog breeds. We document an additional 4 small breeds previously not shown to develop NME. Our cases further illustrate that NME is not a breed‐restricted disorder and should be considered in the differential diagnosis for dogs with signalment and clinical signs consistent with inflammatory brain disease.     

高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的分离鉴定及其分子流行病学分析

为了弄清2006年在我国南方一些猪场暴发的一种以高热、高发病率和高死亡率为特征的传染病的病因,我们从12个省市48个发病猪场采集临床样品进行了猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)的分离鉴定和分子流行病学分析。结果显示从48个猪场样品中均检测出了PRRSV,通过完整的ORF5和部分Nsp2基因序列比较分析发现来自12个省市不同猪场的PRRSV高度同源,而且在Nsp2基因上都有两个相同位点的缺失;从分离的15株PRRSV中选择湖南分离株HuN4人工感染5头60日龄的健康猪,结果5头猪分别在7 d～21 d内全部死亡,感染猪的临床症状和现地所见十分相似。本次试验结果表明新出现的以Nsp2基因部分缺失为特征的PRRSV对猪是高致病性的,可能是2006年大部分猪场暴发"高热综合症"的主要病因。