Molecular characterization and PCR detection of a nitrogen-fixing Pseudomonas strain promoting rice growth

Nitrogen-fixing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) from the genus Pseudomonas have received little attention so far. In the present study, a nitrogen-fixing phytohormone-producing bacterial isolate from kallar grass (strain K1) was identified as Pseudomonas sp. by rrs (16S ribosomal RNA gene) sequence analysis. rrs identity level was high with an uncharacterized marine bacterium (99%), Pseudomonas sp. PCP2 (98%), uncultured bacteria (98%), and Pseudomonas alcaligenes (97%). Partial nifH gene amplified from strain K1 showed 93% and 91% sequence similarities to those of Azotobacter chroococcum and Pseudomonas stutzeri, respectively. The effect of Pseudomonas strain K1 on rice varieties Super Basmati and Basmati 385 was compared with those of three non-Pseudomonas nitrogen-fixing PGPR (Azospirillum brasilense strain Wb3, Azospirillum lipoferum strain N4 and Zoogloea strain Ky1) used as single-strain inoculants. Pseudomonas sp. K1 was detected in the rhizosphere of inoculated plants by enrichment culture in nitrogen-free growth medium, which was followed by observation under the microscope as well as by PCR using a rrs-specific primer. For both rice varieties, an increase in shoot biomass and/or grain yield over that of noninoculated control plants was recorded in each inoculated treatment. The effect of Pseudomonas strain K1 on grain yield was comparable to those of A. brasilense Wb3 and Zoogloea sp. Ky1 for both rice varieties. These results show that nitrogen-fixing pseudomonads deserve attention as potential PGPR inoculants for rice.     

Genotypic variation in grain cadmium concentration of lowland rice

Cadmium (Cd) contamination of paddy rice soils is commonly observed in the Yangtse River Delta, China. Large Cd uptake by rice plants and its translocation into the grains can entail human‐health risks. Genotypic variations in Cd uptake and a differential Cd partitioning into grains will be the basis for developing a rice screening or breeding tool for low grain Cd. A field experiment, conducted at the experimental farm of Jiaxing, Zhejiang province from 2002 to 2004, compared 38 rice genotypes of different types (indica vs. japonica) collected from the Yangtse River Delta. The results showed large differences in Cd concentrations in straw, brown rice, and grain chaff among the rice genotypes grown on Cd‐contaminated soil. Concentrations in brown rice ranged from 0.06 to 0.99 mg Cd kg^–1. The total Cd uptake in brown rice varied between 0.96 and 28.58 μg plant ^{– 1}. In general, indica‐type cultivars accumulated significantly more Cd than the japonica‐type cultivars. The Cd concentration in straw was highly correlated with that in brown rice. While significant differences in the Cd‐partitioning ratio (% share of total Cd uptake found in brown rice) among rice genotypes were observed, these were not correlated with Cd concentration of brown rice. This indicates that the Cd accumulation in rice grains appears to be governed mainly by the Cd uptake by the plant and probably not by differential Cd partitioning. The large genotypic variation suggests the possibility to lower the Cd content of rice by genotype selection. The development of such breeding tools should focus on low Cd uptake rather than Cd partitioning between straw and grain.     

长期定位施肥对无石灰性潮土酶活性的影响

试验研究长期定位施肥对无石灰性潮土酶活性的影响结果表明,长期单施有机肥及其配施无机化肥均能显著增强土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶的活性。土壤脲酶活性、蛋白酶活性与土壤有机质、全N、碱解氮含量呈极显著正相关,磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质、有机磷、有效磷呈极显著正相关,蔗糖酶活性与土壤有机质呈极显著正相关。表明土壤酶活性与土壤肥力密切相关,可作为评价土壤肥力性状的生物学指标。     

Capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography determination of polyglutamyl 5-methyltetrahydrofolate forms in citrus products

The 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5mTHF) polyglutamates in citrus products were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Folate species were purified from citrus products and concentrated from 2- to 100-fold using combined folate-affinity chromatography and C18 extraction. Seven polyglutamyl 5mTHFs were found in most not-from-concentrate (NFC) orange juices (OJ) in total amounts of approximately 1 nmol/mL, with varying distributions of individual polyglutamates. Folate amounts and distributions were also measured in orange fractions, single-strength OJ from concentrate, NFC grapefruit juice, and citrus peel molasses. Models containing ascorbic acid had folate thermal degradation rates one-seventh that of models without ascorbic acid. Pasteurization studies demonstrated that folate loss was <2% for commercial OJ pasteurization conditions (i.e., 93 degrees C for 5 s, 88 degrees C for 15 s, and 82 degrees C for 30 s). Both methods were precise, reproducible, and potentially faster than traditional analytical procedures requiring enzymatic deconjugation and microbial assays.     

无线传感器网络在农业中的应用

无线传感器网络集传感器技术、微机电系统(MEMS)技术、无线通信技术、嵌入式计算技术和分布式信息处理技术于一体,是多学科高度交叉的、知识高度集中的热点研究领域,因其广阔的应用前景而备受关注.该文综述了无线传感器网络的节点构成、体系结构、研究热点,以及在农业中的应用研究现状,针对性地提出在温室、节水灌溉、畜牧等农业领域应用无线传感器网络的方案与思路,为无线传感器网络在农业中的应用拓宽思路,争取早日将无线传感器网络投入到农业应用领域.     

土壤—植物系统中重金属污染的治理途径及其研究展望

由于工业“三废”的排放,使农田遭受不同程度重金属的污染,重金属通过在作物体内富集进入食物链,对人畜健康构成了威胁。文章对土壤重金属的污染现状、治理途径及其原理、优缺点、可行性作了简要的回顾,对土壤重金属污染植物修复技术类型、原理、特点以及基因工程等现代生物技术在重金属污染植物修复技术中的应用前景作了进一步的展望,为实现对重金属污染土壤进行有效的生态整治与安全高效益的利用提供了新的技术途径。     

农田气象条件下阿特拉津在土壤中淋溶动态的数值模拟

阿特拉津(Atrazine)是我国华北地区夏玉米田常用的除草剂,而夏玉米生育期又是该地区的主要降雨时段,对这一时段Atrazine在田间尺度的淋溶风险进行评价,对保护浅层地下水环境具有重要意义。以北京市通州区永乐店试验站一块27 m×27 m的农田为背景,通过田间采样、测试分析土壤样品并收集2001年的气象数据,基于简化土壤水三维流场的柱模型假设,在同时考虑土壤水力学参数、Atrazine运移和吸附参数空间变异性的情况下,对该农药在农田尺度下淋溶动态的空间分布进行了数值模拟。在此基础上,对夏玉米不同生育期耕层20 cm深度处的土壤水负压、水流通量和Atrazine浓度的空间变异结构进行了地质统计学分析。结果表明,在整个夏玉米生育期内这三个参量的半方差模型基本上为球状模型,它们的变程多在8~10 m。本研究案例对布设农田尺度土壤水分和Atrazine动态监控网具有一定的参考意义。     

淀粉胶生物质炭基氮肥制备及其缓释特性分析

以生物质炭为载体,与自制改性淀粉胶黏剂、尿素进行复合,利用万能力学试验机和自制成型模具制备颗粒缓释肥料,研究水分添加量、成型压力、炭肥比及胶黏剂添加量4个因素对颗粒肥料抗压性能和缓释性能的影响。结果表明:对于纯炭粉成型,当水分含量为10%、成型温度为45℃、成型压力为6k N时,成型颗粒的抗压强度达到最大;尿素与炭粉混合后成型可以增加颗粒强度,当稻壳炭-尿素(即炭肥比)为5:1时,在同样成肥条件下,肥料颗粒的抗压强度最大;改性淀粉胶黏剂可进一步增加肥料颗粒强度,当胶黏剂添加量为5%时,肥料颗粒的抗压强度达到最大。不同配比条件下制备的缓释肥料,其氮素累积释放规律符合"S"型释放模型,添加胶黏剂制备的缓释肥的缓释性能明显优于传统的尿素肥料,以胶黏剂添加量为5%时缓释效果最佳。     

不同施肥量对北疆高产棉花冠层结构、养分吸收和产量构成的影响

为了对膜下滴灌棉花高产高效栽培的施肥措施提供理论依据,采用小区实验,研究不同氮、磷、钾施用量对棉花冠层结构、养分吸收和产量的影响。结果表明：随着施肥量的增加棉花叶面积指数在盛铃期以前显著增加,盛铃期及以后叶面积指数呈现先增加后减少的趋势,其峰值出现在盛铃期。在盛铃期植株氮、磷、钾的含量随着施肥量的增加而增加。随着施肥量的增加棉花平均叶簇倾角变大,株型变的紧凑,但施肥量过多会导致棉花群体叶面积增加过多,群体散射辐射与直射辐射透过系数小,冠层结构不良,削弱了棉花个体发育,造成单株成铃数和单铃重降低。随施肥量的增加棉花产量有显著差异,表现为先增加后减少的趋势。表明施肥过量或过低棉花均难以获得高产,对于北疆地区棉花高产栽培建议棉花滴灌施肥量为尿素639.60 kg/hm²、磷酸一铵177.67 kg/hm²、硫酸钾施148.06 kg/hm²。     

仙客来栽培研究进展

主要从生物学特性、环境调控、激素调控等几方面对国内外仙客来栽培方面的研究情况进行了综述,同时对研究中存在的问题进行了分析,并提出了今后的研究方向和思路。