Why high grain yield can be achieved in single seedling machine-transplanted hybrid rice under dense planting conditions?

This study was conducted to identify the factors associated with high grain yield in single seedling machine-transplanted hybrid rice under dense planting conditions. Field experiments were done in Yong'an Town, Hunan Province, China in 2015 and 2016. Two hybrid rice cultivars were grown under single seedling machine transplanting (SMT) and conventional machine transplanting (CMT) at a high planting density in each year. Grain yield and yield attributes were compared between SMT and CMT. Averaged across cultivars and years, grain yield was 12% higher under SMT than under CMT. Plant height, basal stem width, and shoot and root dry weights were higher in seedlings for SMT than those for CMT. SMT had less maximum tiller number per m² and consequently less panicle number per m² than did CMT. Branch number per panicle, especially the secondary branch number per panicle, and spikelet number per cm of panicle length were more under SMT than under CMT, which resulted in more spikelet number per panicle under SMT than under CMT. SMT had higher or equal spikelet filling percentage than did CMT. The difference in grain weight between SMT and CMT was relatively small and inconsistent cross years. SMT had higher or equal total biomass and harvest index than did CMT. Dry weight per stem under SMT was heavier than that under CMT. Larger leaf area per stem was partly responsible for the heavier dry weight per stem under SMT than under CMT. Our study suggests that improvement in seedling quality, panicle size, and dry weight per stem are critical to the high grain yield in single seedling machine-transplanted hybrid rice under dense planting conditions.     

猪差异表达EST的组织表达谱分析

表达序列标签是一种快捷、高效的揭示基因组信息的方法。本研究以蓝塘猪与大白猪差异表达的5条EST在各组织中的表达情况为目的,采用大白猪、蓝塘猪为实验材料,从成年种猪的10个组织中提取总RNA,运用RT-PCR方法分析,结果显示5条EST在猪的多数组织中均有表达;同源性比对后发现,在5条差异显示cDNA中,EST1、EST2与已知序列无同源性;电子表达谱分析表明EST1、EST2、EST4及EST5在骨骼肌、肝脏组织中有表达。这为进一步研究该EST的功能奠定基础。     

不同稻田状态下克无踪快速灭茬控草试验

为控明不同稻田状态下克无踪快速除草灭茬的效果，2000年在湖南宁乡进行了克无踪用药量、对水量、施药时天气、增效剂、前作留茬高度等对除草剂清的效果试验。结果表明：克无踪有效用量为3.75L/hm^2左右，视杂草基数适当增减；对水量对灭草和灭稻茬的效果有较大的影响；二甲四氯、乙草胺、碳铵＋氯化钾可不同程度地提高克无踪的控草效果；卵茬高率不同的主要影响稻茬原再生蔸率和再生株数。推荐克无踪施用量，早稻冬泡田为3.00-3.75L/hm^2，早稻冬干田3.75-4.50L/hm^2，晚稻免耕田为3.75L/hm^2，同时加入碳酸氨铵45kg/hm^2和乙草胺450mL/hm^2为增效剂，对水900kg/hm^2于傍晚或清晨喷施，晚稻免耕清茬时，前茬留茬高度不超过4cm杂草枯黄以后应及时灌水淹没杂草或稻茬，以有效控制杂草或稻茬再生。     

湖南省高产稻区稻田土壤的立地条件与肥力特性

通过野外调查采样和室内分析测定，研究了湖南省几个典型高产稻作区稻田土壤的立地条件和主要肥力特性。结果表明：供试稻作区均为海拔40-90m，地势低平、开阔的丘陵谷地和冲积平原；供试土壤由石灰岩风化物、河流沉积物和第四纪红色粘土发育而成。其总体养分状况良好。有机质23．29-64．32g/kg，平均为38．31g／kg；全氮1．44～4．31g／kg。平均为2．23g／kg；全磷0．36-1．00g／kg，平均为0．66g／kg；全钾16．13～25．68g／kg，平均为20．38g／kg；尤以有机质和氮紊含量高于其它耕地土壤；有效硅含量70．7-514．3mg／kg，大部分属中低水平，其中醴陵的浦口和白兔潭、浏阳永安的土壤有效硅含量均低于缺硅临界值（210mg／ks）。不同母质发育的土壤相比。石灰岩风化物发育的水稻土肥力水平较河流沉积物和第四纪红色粘土发育的水稻土高。土壤质地均为中壤土至轻粘土。砂粘适中。     

高产土壤条件下双季杂交稻施磷效应研究

为完善双季稻超高产栽培技术体系,以湖南省醴陵市高产稻田土壤－河沙泥为供试土壤,杂交早稻Ｖ４０２和杂交晚稻Ｖ６４４为供试作物,对不同施磷水平的杂交稻和土壤效应进行了研究。结果表明,在高产土壤条件下,施磷仍能促进水稻提早分蘖,增大水稻生育前期的干物质纱量和对氮、磷、钾的吸收量,但对水稻中、后期的干物质积累和氮、磷、钾的吸收无促进作用。施磷处理水稻－生中地上部干特总量稻谷产量与不施磷处理无明显差异。施磷     

抗寒种衣剂对水稻秧苗抗寒性的影响

为探明抗寒种衣剂的作用效果，研究了2个早稻品种经4种抗寒种衣剂（代码分别为HET，YKJ，YKZYJ和ABA）包衣处理后在寒流低温胁迫下（8-10℃，4d）秧苗的生长和若干生理效应．结果表明，在低温胁迫下，抗寒种衣剂处理使成苗率、单株根数、百株鲜、干重增加，根系活力和叶绿素含量维持较高水平，苗体内蛋白质降解延缓，可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸大量积累，受害株率大幅下降，说明抗寒种衣剂增强了秧苗抵抗低温胁迫的能力．4种抗寒种衣剂的抗寒效果以YKZYJ种衣剂最优，YKJ和ABA种衣剂次之，HET种衣剂再次之．     

Fixed Ammonium Content and Maximum Capacity of Ammonium Fixation in Major Types of Tillage Soils in Hunan Province, China

In order to understand the status of fixed ammonium, fixed ammonium content, maximum capacity of ammonium fixation, and their influencing factors in major types of tillage soils of Hunan Province, China, were studied with sampling on fields, and laboratory incubation and determination. The main results are summarized as follows: (1) Content of fixed ammonium in the tested soils varies greatly with soil use pattern and the nature of parent material. For the paddy soils, it ranges from 135.4 ± 57.4 to 412.8 ± 32.4 mg kg⁻¹, with 304.7 ± 96.7 mg kg⁻¹ in average; while it ranges from 59.4 to 435.7 mg kg⁻¹, with 230.1 ± 89.2 mg kg⁻¹ in average for the upland soils. The soils developed from limnic material and slate had higher fixed ammonium content than the soils developed from granite. The percentage of fixed ammonium to total N in the upland soils is always higher than that in the paddy soils. It ranges from 6.1 ± 3.6% to 16.6 ± 4.6%, with 14.0% ± 5.1% in average for the paddy soils and it amounted to 5.8 ± 2.0% to 40.1 ± 17.8%, with 23.5 ± 14.2% in average for upland soils. (2) The maximum capacity of ammonium fixation has the same trend with the fixed ammonium content in the tested soils. For all the tested soils, the percentage of recently fixed ammonium to maximum capacity of ammonium fixation is always bellow 20% and it may be due to the fact that the soils have high fertility and high saturation of ammonium-fixing site. (3) The clay content and clay composition in the tested soils are the two important factors influencing their fixed ammonium content and maximum capacity of ammonium fixation. The results showed that hydrous mica is the main 2:1 type clay mineral in <0.02 mm clay of the paddy soils, and its content in 0.02–0.002 mm clay is much higher than that in <0.002 mm clay of the soils. The statistical analysis showed that both the fixed ammonium content and the maximum capacity of ammonium fixation of the paddy soils were positively correlated with the total 2:1 type clay mineral content and hydrous mica content in <0.02 mm clay and 0.02–0.002 mm clay at the significant level of P_0.01 or P_0.05, respectively, but not correlated with the total 2:1 type clay mineral content and hydrous mica content in <0.002 mm clay significantly. It demonstrated that the ammonium-fixing matrix of the tested soils mainly exists in the 0.02-0.002 mm clay. The above-mentioned results showed that fixed ammonium is a major form of N in the tillage soils in Hunan Province, China. It would play an important role in N nutrition of crops, especially for upland crops, and deserve to be further researched.     

基于信息熵的蛋白质二级结构预测算法的准确性研究

通过分析信息熵的概念内涵,提出基于信息熵的蛋白质二级结构预测算法的准确性评价方法,与现有方法相比,这种方法更全面,不仅能确定假阳性率,假阴性率,还能确定预测值与实际值之间的不确定性的减少量即预测值与实际值之间的互信息.     

水稻生产目标产量确定的理论与方法探讨

【目的】分析探讨水稻生产目标产量确定的理论与方法。【方法】根据2012-2013年在海南澄迈、广东怀集、广西宾阳、湖南长沙和贵州兴义5个地点进行的不同施氮量（不施氮;中氮：161-176 kg·hm^-2;高氮：225 kg·hm^-2）、不同品种（杂交稻品种两优培九、Y两优1号和常规稻品种黄华占、玉香油占）大田试验的结果,结合国内外相关文献报道进行分析探讨。【结果】大田试验表明,即使同一基因型水稻品种的产量也存在显著或极显著地点间差异。在施氮条件下（中氮和高氮）,各试验地点的平均产量以兴义点最高（两优培九：13.20-13.54 t·hm^-2,Y两优1号：13.50-13.78 t·hm^-2,黄华占：11.26-11.42 t·hm^-2,玉香油占：11.32-11.45 t·hm^-2）,其次为长沙、澄迈、宾阳,而怀集点最低（两优培九：6.66-6.71 t·hm^-2,Y两优1号：6.96-7.20 t·hm^-2,黄华占：6.96-7.11 t·hm^-2,玉香油占：7.35-6.86 t·hm^-2）。同样,各试验地点的平均基础地力产量（不施氮处理）也是以兴义点最高（10.52 t·hm^-2）,其次为长沙、澄迈、宾阳,怀集点最低（4.53 t·hm^-2）。水稻施肥产量（Y_F）极显著地依赖于基础地力产量（Y_S）,中氮和高氮条件下的回归方程分别为Y_F﹦0.814Y_S＋3.337（R²﹦0.824）和Y_F﹦0.864Y_S＋3.094（R²﹦0.839）,5个地点和4个品种基础地力产量贡献率（基础地力产量占施肥产量的百分率）平均为64.8%-85.5%和72.7%-79.3%。对国内外相关文献中数据（n= 315）进行分析也显示,水稻施肥产量与基础地力产量呈显著正相关关系（Y_F﹦1.031Y_S+2.421,R²＝0.523）,基础地力产量贡献率平均达到67.7%。此外,研究结果还显示,施肥增产量与基础地力产量贡献率呈极显著的负相关关系;水稻产量与植株氮素吸收量和施氮量呈显著或极显著的二次曲线关系。【结论】水稻目标产量的制定应因地而异,即“因地定产”。基础地力产量是土壤肥力和气候生产力的综合反映,可作为水稻生产目标产量确定的依据,通过基于基础地力产量的回归方程来确定水稻高产栽培的目标产量。培肥土壤地力是实现水稻目标产量栽培的重要举措。