中国果蔬汁加工技术发展新趋势

简要介绍了中国果蔬汁加工新技术,如酶技术、膜技术、中温灌装技术等,并对这些技术的应用现状、存在问题及未来发展趋势进行了分析。     

肥料包膜材料使用安全风险评价和控制研究

近年来,我国缓释肥料产量和消费量跃居世界前列,包膜材料的安全风险问题引起广泛关注。介绍了包膜材料的使用现状,分析了各类包膜材料安全性、人工合成高分子材料降解性以及膜材残留积累对土壤生态环境影响的安全风险;系统研究了包膜材料的生物分解能力、生态毒性等环境影响评价方法及标准指标;提出了包膜材料使用的安全风险划分等级,以期为科学评价包膜材料和合理使用包膜缓释肥料提供技术手段,降低包膜材料对农产品和生态环境的影响风险。     

晋西旱塬地渗水地膜覆盖玉米试验

在位于晋西南黄土残塬沟壑区的隰县旱地进行了渗水地膜覆盖玉米种植试验。结果表明,与常规地膜覆盖比较,渗水地膜覆盖玉米增产３８．３％,增产效果显著;玉米生育期０－１００ｃｍ土层内土壤含水量平均提高２个百分点,天然降水的水分粮食生产效率达到２３．２５ｋｇ．ｍｍ＾－１．ｈｍ＾－２;当气温在３５℃以下时,渗水地膜与常规微膜具有相同的增温效果,当气温在３５℃以上时,渗水地膜下的增温速度明显减慢,玉米生育期株高     

基于ITS序列的曼陀罗属植物的分类学研究

根据曼陀罗属核糖体基因转录间隔区(ITS)序列设计通用引物,得到33个不同来源的曼陀罗属植物的ITS序列,并以小天仙子(Hyoscyamus bohemicus)为外群,应用遗传距离与系统树分析法对曼陀罗属植物之间的分类进行了初步探讨。结果表明:在供试样品中,紫花曼陀罗(Datura tatula)和曼陀罗(Daturastramonium)的ITS序列完全相同;多刺曼陀罗(Datura ferox)、栎叶曼陀罗(Datura quercifolia)和曼陀罗(Datura stramonium)之间的亲缘关系很近;紫花曼陀曼(Datura tatula)、曼陀罗(Datura stramonium)、无刺曼陀罗(Datura inermis)和光滑曼陀罗(Datura laevis)4个种间不存在遗传距离;传统分类中曼陀罗属的Dutra亚属内除光曼陀罗(Datura leichhardtii)和异色曼陀罗(Datura discolor)在ITS序列表现为比较独立的2个种外,其他各种间的亲缘关系也较近;在ITS序列上湿地曼陀罗(Datura ceratocaula)与曼陀罗(Daturastramonium...     

血粉膨化机的设计

禽畜血液富含粗蛋白，目前常用的加工方法如喷雾干燥法，发酵法等存在产品消化率低，投资较大等问题，膨化处理能提高蛋白消化率。但血粉比淀粉类原料难膨化，存在着设计上的特殊性。本文在理论分析及试验结果的基础上，对膨化机的特殊结构及尺寸设计进行了分析。实际应用表明该设计基本解决了技术及工艺问题。     

种植水稻和长期施用无机肥对红壤氨氧化细菌多样性和硝化作用的影响

以中国科学院红壤生态试验站发育于第四纪红黏土的植稻红壤为研究对象,研究了长期种植水稻和施用无机肥对土壤β-变形杆菌纲中氨氧化细菌多样性和硝化作用的影响。原始红壤改种水稻13年后,氨氧化细菌16SrDNA的DGGE条带数量增加,条带谱与原始红壤的差异较大,相似性为61%,说明种植水稻后土壤氨氧化细菌群落结构发生了变化。PCR-DGGE方法研究结果也显示,长期施用无机氮肥的处理(NP、NPK和NK),DGGE带谱相似性较高,达到73%,硝化率和硝化势均高于未施用氮肥的处理。逐步回归分析显示硝化率和硝化势均随着土壤脲酶活性的提高而显著增加。推测尿素可提高土壤水解氮含量,使土壤脲酶活性提高,促进硝化细菌的生长,进而提高硝化率和硝化势。     

黔中地区旱地黄壤抗干旱能力研究

对地处贵州中部的旱地黄壤水分特征曲线测定的基础上,通过2年的定位观测,旱地黄壤无效水分含量高、有效水分贮量少,作物利用难度大,抗干旱能力低,黄壤季节性干旱主要受制于降水;土壤水分耗竭随季节性气候特点和作物种类而异,旱地灌溉应结合季节性气候特点和作物种类等因素进行综合考虑,因地制宜地发展集雨工程,确定灌溉合理的灌水量是解决黄壤旱地季节性干旱的主要措施。     

实时荧光PCR定性检测菜籽粕中转基因成分的研究

本文针对使用实时荧光PCR对深加工的饲料菜籽粕进行转基因检测的研究,就DNA抽提、纯化和实时荧光PCR过程中使用样品DNA的最适浓度等方面,对检测方法进行了适当的改进,并探讨了如何根据所得荧光曲线的Ct值判定菜籽粕中是否含有转基因成分.     

Evaluation of pea proteins and poultry protein as fish meal alternatives in the diets for juvenile black sea bream,Acanthopagrus schlegelii

The potential of three different protein resources (pea protein isolate, PPI; pea protein concentrate, PPC; enzyme treated poultry protein, ETPP) as fish meal (FM) alternative protein in diets for juvenile black sea bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii. (initial average weight 7.90 ± 0.13 g) was evaluated. Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to replace FM at 0% (T0, control diet), 8% (designated as T1‐T3) and 16% (designated as T4‐T6) using PPI, PPC and ETPP respectively. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 25 juvenile fish for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding period, survival rate was not significantly affected by dietary treatments. Growth performance in T6 (16% ETPP) group was significantly inferior to T0 group, however, weight gain and specific growth rate in other treatments showed no significant differences (P > 0.05). Mean feed intake, feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio were also poorer in fish fed in T6 than those of fish fed with the control diet respectively. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter and crude protein for fish fed ETPP diets were significant lower than those of fish fed with the control diet, whereas ADCs of lipid were unaffected by dietary treatments. ADC's of dietary Leu, Ile, His and Lys was also significantly influenced. There were no marked variations in proximate compositions of dorsal muscle. With regard to plasma characteristics, significant difference was observed in triacylglycerol content. Ammonia concentration in plasma tended to increase in alternative protein diets as substitution level increased. There were significant differences in aspartate aminotransferase activities among groups, but alanine aminotransferase levels were unaffected by treatments. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that PPI and PPC were potential protein sources for using in juvenile black sea bream diet. However, the substitution level of FM by ETPP should be limited within 16%.     

乳清分离蛋白—多糖乳状液制备与乳化稳定性研究

在pH值7.0时以乳清分离蛋白为乳化剂制备初级乳状液,利用静电自组装技术,通过加入具有不同电性的阴离子型果胶、中性瓜尔豆胶、阳离子型壳聚糖制备具有良好稳定性的乳清分离蛋白-多糖的二级乳状液,并考察pH值、乳清分离蛋白与多糖的比例对乳状液稳定性的影响.结果表明:瓜尔豆胶与乳清蛋白乳状液粒子间无静电作用;在pH值5.0 ～6.0条件下,壳聚糖能够吸附到乳状液粒子表面,但形成的乳状液稳定性较差;在pH值3.0～5.0、果胶质量分数为0.2％～0.5％条件下,乳清分离蛋白-果胶为乳化界面构建的二级乳状液,稳定性最高.