原料乳中尿素掺假快速检测方法的研究

针对目前市场上出现的原料奶中掺尿素的现状，研究了一种方法可以快速检测掺假乳中的尿素，利用简单的试纸即可检测出乳中尿素。本文研究了试纸的制作工艺，以及试纸的干扰性。结论：原料奶中Ca、Zn和Cu到了一定浓度会影响试纸显色，其余金属影响不大。     

青藏高原牦牛奶产业发展的现状及问题——基于那曲市的调研

牦牛奶产业是青藏高原巩固脱贫攻坚、实现畜牧产业良性发展的重要选择,政府、企业和牧户等多元主体在推动产业链建设上发挥着不同作用。本研究以那曲市色尼区为例,通过实地调研发现,龙头企业成为牦牛奶价值增值的关键主体,养殖合作社成为牧民增收的重要载体,供销合作社成为市场发展的重要补充,牧户在牦牛奶产业发展中显著受益,农村基层组织建设管理水平明显提高。当前,那曲牦牛奶产业存在产业发展初级、产品同质竞争、草原过载过牧、合作社管理不规范、行政干预过多以及食品安全风险等问题。基于牦牛奶产业对青藏高原可持续发展的战略地位,下一步应通过加强基础研究和科技投入、积极引育管理人才、完善产业链利益联结机制、厘清多元主体职责定位等,推动当地牦牛奶产业健康可持续发展。     

对一起饲料产品检验不合格案的思考

在饲料执法抽检中,云南省德宏州动物卫生监督所发现某店经营的饲料产品成份与标签标示不一致,由此开展立案调查,并依法进行惩处。通过剖析案件,认为该类监督执法案件要注重采样符合程序,样品检测机构资质健全且检验报告合法,保护当事人的合法权益。同时也建议饲料经营户要合规经营,明确合同保障,积极配合监管等。     

0~4周龄云岭红肉鸡赖氨酸适宜需要量的研究

试验通过分析饲粮不同赖氨酸水平对云岭红肉鸡生长性能、氮沉积率及血液生化指标的影响,确定云岭红肉鸡饲粮赖氨酸的适宜需要量。采用单因素试验设计,将180只健康状况良好、体重相近的1日龄云岭红肉鸡随机分为5个处理组,每组3个重复,每个重复12只鸡。5组试验鸡饲喂的饲粮赖氨酸水平分别为0.85%、0.95%、1.05%、1.15%、1.25%。结果表明:赖氨酸水平对试验鸡的期末体重、全期增重、平均日增重及料重比有显著影响(P<0.05),当赖氨酸水平为1.15%时期末体重最大739.21 g,全期增重最大701.66 g,平均日增重最大24.19 g,料重比最低1.68。不同赖氨酸水平对丝氨酸、甘氨酸和组氨酸的表观代谢率影响显著(P<0.05)。对血清总氨基酸和血清尿素氮影响显著(P<0.05)。研究表明,0~4周龄云岭红肉鸡适宜赖氨酸水平最适量为1.15%。     

磷镁促释基质养分释放特性及种植效果

选用4种促释材料(W、Y、QW、FS)对磷矿粉、轻烧氧化镁混合物进行活化处理,配制促释材料含量分别为3%、5%的Ⅰ、Ⅱ型促释磷镁草花基质,通过淋溶试验、盆栽试验研究水溶性磷、镁素释放特性以及对夏堇(Torenia fournieri)、本地长春花(Catharanthus roseus)生长及开花的影响。结果显示,促释材料W、Y、QW、FS对磷矿粉均表现出良好的促释效果,磷镁促释基质水溶性磷淋溶总量较不添加促释磷镁显著增加了15.42%~27.10%(P0.05);添加4种促释材料对水溶性镁总量释放效果均不显著(P0.05)。促释磷镁W-Ⅰ不仅增加了夏堇开花数量,同时对本地长春花的冠幅增长、分枝以及地上部生物量积累有促进作用;FS-Ⅱ则有利于夏堇地上部生物量的积累;Y-Ⅰ则对夏堇、本地长春花生长无促进作用。综合考虑,草花基质添加促释磷镁W-Ⅰ、FS-Ⅱ应用效果最好,其最适添加比例分别为3.09、3.16 kg·m-3。     

蔬菜钵苗移栽机取苗臂凸轮机构的设计与试验

采用解析法对蔬菜钵苗移栽机取苗臂凸轮机构进行了详细设计,以解决目前机构推苗作业时间长、速度慢而影响推苗成功率的问题。根据移栽机取苗和推苗作业时取苗针的运动要求,以及取苗臂的结构尺寸,建立凸轮机构设计的数学模型,优化凸轮推程运动角,进而得到凸轮实际轮廓曲线,进行了机构的运动及压力角分析。建立取苗机构的三维实体模型,制造出其物理样机,采用ADAMS软件进行虚拟样机运动仿真,开展高速摄像运动试验。仿真结果和试验结果基本一致,表明改进设计是正确和合理的,同时比较改进设计结果和原设计结果可知,所设计的凸轮机构能够满足蔬菜钵苗移栽的要求,且试验推苗时间比原设计有效缩短了27.9%,有助于提高推苗成功率和蔬菜钵苗移栽机的工作性能。     

锌水平对不同生育期苦瓜若干生理特性的影响

7个锌水平的水培试验结果表明苦瓜对锌的需求量随培养时间的延长而增加。Zn最佳水平苗期、伸蔓期和蕾期、开花结果初期分别为0.02、0.08和0.32mg/L。苦瓜缺锌植株矮小、发育迟缓、衰老加快;锌毒害使苗期叶片黄化失绿,甚至出现水渍状坏死斑。缺锌对苦瓜的影响随着培养时间的延长逐渐加重,而过量锌的毒害作用随着植株的生长逐渐减弱。锌对苦瓜地上部、地下部生长影响规律不同缺锌和过量锌均明显抑制地上部生长和干重积累;轻微缺锌和过量锌则可促进苦瓜根系伸长及其干重积累,严重缺锌和严重过量锌才会抑制根系生长。施锌可加快苦瓜生长发育,并可延缓植株衰老。     

Development and validation of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the screening of tylosin and tilmicosin in muscle, liver, milk, honey and eggs

Incorrect use of tylosin and tilmicosin could result in allergy and select resistance. To monitor the illegal use of these antibiotics in animals, a monoclonal-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) has been established. Several haptens were synthesized and conjugated to carrier protein. Female Balb/c mice were inoculated with the four different conjugates to produce monoclonal antibodies according to the schemes of immunization. Aftercell fusion and culture several times, nine hybridoma cell lines were isolated. Only one, 3C4 that has isotype IgG2a, was selected for detailed study. The cross-reactivity of the monoclonal antibody 3C4 to tylosin and tilmicosin was 100% and 51% respectively. The standard curves based on the tylosin and tilmicosin matrix calibration ranged from 2.5 to 40 μg L(-1), with an IC(50) value of 6.1 μg L(-1) and 12.1 μg L(-1), respectively. The limits of detection of the ic-ELISA ranged from 5.1 μg kg(-1) to 13.8 μg kg(-1) in edible animal tissues. The recoveries were 74.1% to 120.7% with less than 18.6% of the coefficient of variation when tylosin and tilmicosin were spiked in various biological matrices with the concentrations of 25.0-200.0 μg kg(-1). Good correlations between the results of the ic-ELISA and high performance liquid chromatography were observed in the incurred tissues. These results suggest that the ic-ELISA is a sensitive, accurate and low-cost method that would be a useful tool for the screening of the residues of tylosin and tilmicosin in muscle, liver, milk, honey and eggs.     

Determinants of the biodiversity patterns of ammonia-oxidizing archaea community in two contrasting forest stands

Purpose

The variation in soil microbial community patterns is primarily influenced by ecological processes associated with spatial distance and environmental heterogeneities. However, the relative importance of these processes in determining the patterns of soil microbial biodiversity in different successional forests remains unclear.

Materials and methods

Based on the species data from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis, we described the composition and beta diversity of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) community, an important functional microbial group in regulating nitrogen cycle, in a middle-succeed stand (60 years of secondary succession) and an undisturbed native stand in a subtropical forest in southern China. The composition pattern was examined using a multi-response permutation procedure (MRPP), and the beta diversity was described using the Sørensen index. The relative influence of edaphic, vegetational, spatial, and topographical factors on AOA composition and beta diversity was assessed by variation partitioning and multiple regression on distance matrices (MRM), respectively.

Results and discussion

We did not find any stand-specific patterns in AOA community composition in the two stands; however, the influential variables were different between the two stands; 7.3 and 4.5 % of the total variation in AOA community composition could be explained by edaphic (i.e., available potassium and total phosphorus) and spatial variables, respectively, in the middle-succeed stand, while 3.7 and 2.8 % of the variation were explained by spatial variable and available phosphorus, respectively, in the native stand. Soil total phosphorus influenced the beta diversity of AOA community most in the middle-succeed stand, while genetic distance of tree species was found to be the most important factor in driving the beta diversity pattern in the native stand.

Conclusions

Soil nutrients influenced the beta diversity of AOA community in the middle-succeed stand more than that in the native stand, while vegetation is more important in the native stand. The substantial unexplained variations were possibly due to the effects of other unmeasured variables. Nevertheless, dispersal process is more important in controlling AOA community composition in the native stand, while processes associated with environmental heterogeneities are more important in the middle-succeed stand in this subtropical forest.

     

辣韭矢竹的出笋及幼竹生长节律

辣韭矢竹(Pseudosasajaponica var.tsutsumiana)于1934年在日本的水户市被发现(林弥栄,1985).我国在一些植物园有引种栽培.辣韭矢竹为混生竹,秆型奇特,呈佛肚状,与小佛肚竹(Bambusa ventricosa)相似,高0.5～2 m,较耐寒,主要用于庭园绿化和盆栽.