Microbial remediation of a pentachloronitrobenzene-contaminated soil under Panax notoginseng: A field experiment

Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) is an organochlorine fungicide that is mainly used in the prevention and control of diseases in crop seedlings. Microbial removal is used as a promising method for in-situ removal of many organic pesticides and pesticide residues. A short-term field experiment (1 year) was conducted to explore the potential role of a PCNB-degrading bacterial isolate, Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85, in the remediation of a PCNB-contaminated soil on which Panax notoginseng was grown. The following three treatments were used:i) control soil amended with wheat bran but without YNS-85, ii) soil with 0.15 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (A), and iii) soil with 0.30 kg m^-2 of solid bacterial inoculum (B). The removal of soil PCNB during the microbial remediation was monitored using gas chromatography. Soil catalase and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) esterase activities were determined using spectrophotometry. In addition, cultivable bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were counted by plating serial dilutions, and the microbial biodiversity of the soil was analyzed using BIOLOG. After 1 year of in-situ remediation, the soil PCNB concentrations decreased significantly by 50.3% and 74.2% in treatments A and B, respectively, when compared with the uninoculated control. The soil catalase activity decreased in the presence of the bacterial isolate, the FDA esterase activity decreased in treatment A, but increased in treatment B. No significant changes in plant biomass, diversity of the soil microbial community, or physicochemical properties of the soil were observed between the control and inoculated groups (P<0.05). The results indicate that Cupriavidus sp. YNS-85 is a potential candidate for the remediation of PCNB-contaminated soils under P. notoginseng.     

长江经济带产业—碳排放—土地协同发展研究

[目的] 研究长江经济带产业发展、土地利用及碳排放指数间的内在响应关系及作用机理,为区域协同发展提供思路。[方法] 基于GM (1,1)预测模型对产业发展、土地利用及碳排放指数进行灰色预测后进行耦合协调度分析,并运用PVAR模型探讨三者间的响应关系。[结果] ①区域各要素间的耦合度高于协调度,耦合协调状态呈增长趋势,而区域内部则呈现自下游至上游的降低趋势。②土地利用强度对于产业发展于前两期呈正向冲击,产业发展对碳排放为滞后2期内的先负而后转正冲击的倒V型波动趋势,土地利用对碳排放呈现明显的正相关脉冲响应。③三要素主要依赖于自身的发展路径,但产业发展对碳排放强度的解释力高于土地利用强度对其的解释力,而随着期数的增加,二者对碳排放的影响趋势均呈现增长趋势。[结论] 经济发展过程中产业结构调整及土地利用的配置和保障不可或缺,而碳排放作为未来发展中的重要制约因素也不可忽视,探索三者间的响应关系,能够更好地为区域协调发展提供依据。     

外源生物质炭对土壤中铵态氮素滞留效应的影响

以生物质炭和黄棕壤为研究材料,通过阳离子交换量测定、铵态氮等温吸附实验以及模拟土柱淋溶,研究生物质炭对土壤铵态氮素滞留效应的影响。发现生物质炭以1%、3%和5%添加后,土壤CEC值分别增加9.4%、14.7%和19.7%,铵态氮素淋失量分别减少22%、39%和47%,氮素滞留量分别增加15%、5%和14%;同时影响氮素在土层中的分布,其中加生物质炭土壤的氮素集中在土柱上部5～7cm处,而不加生物质炭土壤集中在中部偏下9～11cm处。结果表明,生物质炭能够提高土壤对铵态氮素的吸附能力,显著降低土壤铵态氮素养分的淋失。     

Principle analysis and parameters optimization of rotary rice pot seedling transplanting mechanism

通过分析国内外水稻钵苗移栽机的缺点与不足,根据水稻钵苗移栽机的特征与优点,提出一种以椭圆-不完全非圆齿轮为传动机构的旋转式水稻钵苗移栽机构,使水稻移栽达到高产高效率的移栽水平。首先,在分析该移栽机构工作原理的基础上,建立了椭圆-不完全非圆齿轮机构的运动学模型。然后基于Visual Basic6.0可视化编程软件,开发了椭圆－不完全非圆齿轮行星轮系水稻钵苗移栽机构的辅助分析与优化软件。最后,通过分析各参数对移栽轨迹的影响,利用人机交互的优化方法,得到了一组较优的符合水稻钵苗移栽要求的结构参数,该研究可为旋转式水稻钵苗移栽机构的设计提供参考。     

60Co-γ辐照改性银掺杂纳米TiO2及光催化降解乙烯

为了解60Co-γ射线辐照且以活性炭纤维(ACF)为载体所负载TiO2的半导体材料(TiO2/ACF)对光催化降解冷藏环境中乙烯的影响,该文拟采用60Co-γ辐照制备纳米Ag沉积的TiO2/ACF (Ag-TiO2/ACF)光催化材料,在模拟园艺产品的冷藏环境中,进行了3种不同膜的光催化降解乙烯效果的研究,并利用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)对所制备的光催化材料进行相关的表征分析.结果表明:在加入分散剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮后,60C0-γ辐照能使Ag颗粒较好地负载在TiO2上,TiO2均匀分散在ACF膜上而不发生团聚,且TiO2颗粒晶相改变、尺寸变小,有助于提高Ag-TiO2/ACF的催化效率.Ag-TiO2/ACF光催化降解乙烯的效果用一级动力学速率方程描述;经辐照制备的Ag-TiO2/ACF薄膜比未辐照的TiO2/ACF和辐照的TiO2/ACF薄膜光催化降解乙烯的反应速率常数分别提高了44％和37％.研究结果为TiO2光催化技术的进一步的应用提供了参考.     

GENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES IN ROOT MORPHOLOGY AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE KINETICS IN BRASSICA NAPUS UNDER LOW PHOSPHORUS SUPPLY

Application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer is important in crop production because of the low bioavailability of phosphorus to plants in both acidic and calcareous soils. Although rapeseed (Brassica napus) is generally sensitive to P deficiency, different cultivars differ widely in this respect. Differences in P uptake and utilization between two rapeseed cultivars, one P-efficient (‘97081’) and one P-inefficient (‘97009’), were evaluated in solution culture by studying the changes in root morphology and parameters of P uptake kinetics in response to low-P stress. The P-efficient cultivar had lower Km and Cmin values and higher Vmax and developed longer and denser lateral root hair with greater number of root tips and branches under low-P stress, which resulted in a better developed root system and more efficient uptake of P. That, in turn, led to higher concentration and accumulation of P in the plants, culminating in higher biomass production. However, P utilization efficiency (biomass production per unit P accumulated in plant) of the P-efficient ‘97081’ was lower than that of ‘97009’ when P was deficient. These results suggest that P efficiency in rapeseed is due to a better developed root system as well as efficient uptake of P.     

基于语义本体的柑橘肥水管理决策支持系统

利用信息技术实现柑橘精准生产管理是果树信息化管理的重点和难点。该文针对山地果园肥水信息化精准管理问题,研发了基于语义本体的柑橘肥水管理决策支持系统。柑橘肥水语义本体是决策支持系统的核心,它以资源描述框架三元组整合涉农信息。系统实现了施肥、生理病害防治和排灌监测3个功能。系统验证结果表明:1)施肥查询模块能够根据树龄、施肥时期、土壤质地、地形和产量5个因素计算氮、磷、钾施肥量,经216组数据验证其输出正确率100%;2)经100组涵盖12种营养素缺乏和过剩生理病害数据验证,病症查询模块能够根据输入病症正确判断生理病害;3)排灌检测模块能根据不同土壤质地对排灌实时监测,经小型气象站获取的土壤含水率数据验证,系统正确预警率达100%。经361组性能测试数据结果表明系统平均响应时间在0.23 s(浏览器端应用)和0.58 s(手机端应用)内,具备较优性能。该研究为农业领域知识建模和异构多源数据整合等问题提供了可行方案。     

西南山地林下经济模式对土壤养分和土壤微生物数量的影响

为进一步加强农林牧业资源共享,推动生态农业的发展,在重庆市荣昌县6种不同的林下经济模式下,分别对土壤养分和微生物数量的变化及其相互关系进行了研究。结果表明,不同的林下经济模式对土壤养分的影响各有差异,有机质和全钾在麻竹林下养禽模式中增加最多,全磷在桉树林下养禽模式中增加最多,全氮、碱解氮、速效钾含量则在马尾松林下养畜模式中增加最多。从微生物总量来看,土壤中表现为桉树林下禽模式最多,其次为桉树林下种菌模式,最少的是麻竹林下种菌模式;腐殖层中最多的是麻竹林下养禽模式,最少的是桉树林下种菌模式。微生物数量与有机质、有效磷和碱解氮呈正相关关系。由于土壤养分和微生物数量的变化趋势不一致,因此在研究林下经济过程中应将二者结合起来。     

升温方式对中试鼓泡流化床气化过程的影响

为了研究中试鼓泡流化床升温过程特性,试验以木屑为原料,处理量50kg/h的自供热中试鼓泡流化床为反应装置,采取3种不同的升温方式进行空气气化试验研究。升温过程分别采用木屑、木屑与木炭混合、木炭为加热原料,针对气化前期系统升温过程中的气化温度、焦油含量、气体品质及最小流化速度进行了研究。结果表明:采用纯木炭的升温方式效果较为理想;气化主反应区温度控制在900℃以上,温度及升温速率的提高有利于减少焦油生成量,实测焦油含量为1.15g/m3;空气气化时热值可达6.9MJ/m3;最小流化速度受床料粒径和升温速率影响。该试验可为自供热中试流化床试验平台的升温方式提供一种设备简单,操作方便、快捷,经济性好的新方法。     

家蚕肌钙蛋白CⅢ基因的原核表达及其抗体的制备

家蚕肌钙蛋白CⅢ(TnCⅢ)是肌钙蛋白C(TnC)的一种亚型结构,本研究利用大肠杆菌表达TnCⅢ融合蛋白,并制备其多克隆抗体.从本实验室的家蚕(Bombyx mori)蛹cDNA文库中搜索到1条编码家蚕肌钙蛋白CⅢ亚型的cDNA序列,将其命名为BmTnCⅢ(Bombyx mori TnCⅢ).该cDNA序列含有完整的ORF,可编码153个氨基酸残基组成的TnCⅢ蛋白.根据该cDNA序列,设计带有BamH Ⅰ和HindⅢ酶切位点的引物,通过RT-PCR的方法从家蚕蛹总RNA中扩增到BmTnCⅢ亚型基因的完整的ORF序列(GenBank登录号为DQ889211),并将其重组到原核表达载体pET-28a相应的酶切位点上.将获得的重组质粒pET-28a-BmTnCⅢ转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)Rosetta(DE3),经1 mmol/L IPTG诱导表达重组蛋白后,在分子量约21 kD处出现融合蛋白条带.用亲和层析的方法纯化目的蛋白His-Tag BmTnCⅢ,并以此为抗原免疫雄性新西兰白兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus),制各了该融合蛋白的多克隆抗体.Western blot结果表明,该多克隆抗体具有较高的特异性,可用于后续的组织分布与定位研究.