长江中下游平原单季稻田氮素径流损失风险评估

稻田氮素径流损失是农业面源污染主要来源之一,以巢湖地区单季稻田为研究对象,利用该地区1957—2019年的历史气象数据,通过设定插秧区间(6月6—25日)及施肥期水位(3,10,20 cm),建立SMNRL模型,模拟不同插秧时间和田面水水位稻田氮素流失,研究降低长江中下游平原气候区单季稻田氮素径流损失风险的插秧时间与水位控制模式。结果表明:(1)施肥后,稻田田面水氮素浓度呈指数衰减,基肥期田面水氮素衰减期为9天,分蘖肥和穗肥期为7天。(2)在LW、HW组合中,各施肥期占全生育的氮素径流损失为基肥期>分蘖肥期>穗肥期。在LW组合中,基肥期为氮素径流损失高发期,基肥、分蘖肥、穗肥的氮素流失为72.4%~98.4%,1.9%~27.6%,0~8.3%。(3)控制水位比选择插秧时间对降低氮素径流损失更有效。相同水位下,适宜的插秧期氮素径流损失在全生育期施肥中合计能减少0.4~4.5 kg/hm^2,降低32.8%~80.3%;相同插秧时间下,LW、MW组合相比HW组合氮素径流损失能减少8.8~13.1 kg/hm^2,降低92.1%~98.8%。(4)在LW、MW、HW 3种组合中,插秧期分别以6月19日、6月11日、6月17日为界,将6月6—25日分为前后2个阶段,前1阶段插秧产生氮素径流损失均值显著低于后1阶段,分别低37.0%,25.0%,21.7%。(5)降低巢湖地区稻田氮素径流损失有效措施为施肥期水位控制为3 cm,并选择6月6-19日期间进行水稻插秧。     

基于GIS的开发区土地集约利用评价研究——以海南国际科技工业园为例

为了贯彻落实《国务院关于促进节约集约用地的通知》,切实加强开发区用地管理、促进开发区节约集约用地并为开发区扩区升级提供科学依据,运用调查研究及模型分析方法,以海南国际科际工业园为研究对象,从土地利用状况、用地效益和管理绩效3个方面构建土地集约利用评价指标体系,对开发区土地进行集约利用评价研究。结果表明：国科园土地集约利用水平总体很高,土地利用状况良好,管理绩效突出,但用地效益一般。海南国际科际工业园要实现土地集约利用,应该结合海南国际旅游岛建设,创新管理体制,建立项目准入制度和退出机制,进一步改善投资环境,大力推进生态园区建设。     

Effect of dietary fish oil on enhanced inflammation and disturbed lipophagy in white adipose tissue caused by a high fat diet

Fisheries Science - Fish oil containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) attenuates chronic inflammation found in obesity, leading to a reduction in insulin resistance. The effect of fish...     

日粮水平和饵料种类对黑鲷能量收支的影响

采用室内流水实验法研究了摄食水平和饵料种类对黑鲷能量收支各组分和模式的影响。结果表明，黑鲷的生长量，总呼吸代谢量，排泄量及生态转换效率均随日粮水平升高呈增长趋势，二者之间的定量关系可分别用对数曲线或直线加以定量描述；不同生物饵料能造成黑鲷摄食，生长，排泄和总呼吸代水平的显著差异，但却不能改变以比能值为单位的生态转换效率。黑鲷的呼能量收支分配率随摄食水平不同有较显著差异；代谢能分配率和排泄能分配率随摄食水平增大呈U型变化趋势，而生长能分配率却恰恰相反。除摄食高蛋白饵料时引起排泄能分配率增加外，摄食不同饵料对黑铜的能量分配模式影响不十分显著。     

Comparative study on the utilization of crystalline methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue calcium by Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone)

The objective of this study was to compare the supplemental effects of crystalline DL‐methionine (DL‐Met) and methionine hydroxy analogue calcium (MHA‐Ca) on growth performance of Pacific white shrimp. Eight isoproteinic (355.3 ± 2.0 g/kg diet) and isolipidic (70.0 ± 2.2 g/kg diet) diets were prepared as positive diet (20% fish meal), negative diet (15% fish meal) and DL‐Met, MHA‐Ca‐supplemented diets with the supplementation of 0.03%, 0.06%, 0.09% DL‐Met and 0.04%, 0.07%, 0.1% MHA‐Ca in negative diet respectively. Pacific white shrimp (0.92 ± 0.03 g) were fed one of the eight diets for 49 days. The results showed that dietary DL‐Met did not affect weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p > 0.05), but the supplementation of 0.1% MHA‐Ca significantly increased WG, protein and lipid retention, and reduced FCR (p < 0.05) when compared to the negative group, and reached the similar levels as the positive control. The total free amino acids (TFAA) in haemolymph of MHA‐Ca groups and PC, NC group peaked at the 3rd hr after feeding, but the peaking time of DL‐Met groups was advanced to the 2nd hr. Activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in haemolymph of all MHA‐Ca groups peaked at the 2nd hr, but DL‐Met groups peaked at the 1st hr after feeding. The above results indicated that the supplementation of 0.1% MHA‐Ca in a low fish meal diet could improve the growth performance and feed utilization of Pacific white shrimp, but dietary DL‐Met did not significantly affect the growth.     

Effects of dietary 60 g kg−1 dried distiller's grains in least‐cost practical diets on production and gut allochthonous bacterial composition of cage‐cultured fish: comparison among fish species with different natural food habits

Dried distiller's grain (DDG) is considered as an alternative ingredient of dietary feed due to its high contents of protein, fibre and fat. In this study, 60 g kg^‐1 of DDG was used to feed grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), bluntnose black bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) and black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) for 8 weeks, and its effect on fish production and gut allochthonous microbiota was investigated for the development of a suitable fish feed high in nutrients and low in cost for polyculture freshwater fish. DDG supplementation resulted in the less weight gain and higher feed conversion ratio of black carp (P < 0.05), but had no significant effects on other fish or parameters. PCR–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis indicated that all four fish species had some common and unique bacteria in their digestive tracts, and the gut microbiota of bluntnose black and gibel carp fed the control diet and DDG diets were very similar (Cs > 91%); of them, the total counts of intestinal bacteria studied by qPCR increased in grass carp (P < 0.05) and depressed in black carp (P < 0.05) when fed dietary DDG. Thus, we assumed that dietary DDG modulated production and gut microbiota of fish in a host‐specific way.     

水产胶原蛋白及胶原多肽的研究进展

胶原蛋白是动物结缔组织中的主要成分,是动物体内含量最多、分布最广、具有免疫学性质[1]的蛋白质,在皮革业、影像业、制药业、糖果生产、生物医学原料和食品工业中有广泛的应用。最近,国外研究表明,胶原水解所得的胶原多肽不仅具有很好的消化特性,而且还具有许多生理活性功能,     

三种免疫添加剂对草鱼非特异性免疫功能的影响

在饲料中添加不同剂量的Vc、酵母多糖和壳聚糖,连续投喂42d,并在试验的第14、28、35和42天取样检测,研究其对草鱼血清溶菌酶活性、血清超氧化物歧化酶活性（SOD）活性、血清碱性磷酸酶（AKP）活性、补体C3、含量丙二醛（MDA）含量和血液白细胞吞噬活性共6种指标的影响。结果显示：实验组与对照组相比,饲料中添加Vc可以提高血清溶菌酶活性、SOD活性、AKP活性、补体C3含量和血液白细胞吞噬活性高,并降低MDA含量。添加酵母多糖可以提高血清溶菌酶活性、AKP活性、补体C3含量和血液白细胞吞噬活性,并降低MDA含量,但不能提高SOD活性。添加壳聚糖可以提高血清溶菌酶活性、SOD活性、AKP活性、补体C3含量和血液白细胞吞噬活性,但不能降低MDA含量。饲料中添加Vc、酵母多糖和壳聚糖均对草鱼的非特异性免疫功能具有一定的促进作用。     

CNG发动机运转参数对燃烧放热模型计算结果的影响

为了探讨压缩天然气(CNG)发动机运转参数对不同放热模型计算结果的影响,并确定各模型的适用范围,根据点燃式CNG发动机的缸内压力、曲轴转角等测试结果,采用3种放热率模型(Gatowski etal模型,Apparent heat release模型和R-W(Rassweiler-Withrow)模型)分别计算了燃烧放热率、已燃质量分数等参数,并进一步分析了发动机运转参数对不同放热模型计算结果的影响规律.研究结果表明,采用Apparent heat release模型和R-W模型计算所得到的燃烧放热率、已燃质量分数差异很小,二者可通用;点火提前角和过量空气系数对3种模型的计算结果差异影响很小;当节气门开度较小时,3种模型的计算结果差异很小;与其他两种模型相比,Gatowski et al模型的计算结果受发动机转速的影响更加明显;当节气门开度较小或者发动机转速高时,这3种模型可通用;当发动机转速较低时,与其他两种模型相比,采用Gatowski et al模型更加理想和精确.     

基于工作流网的转基因作物及产品全程溯源系统

随着转基因作物不断开发和推广应用,更多的转基因食品被投放到市场,其安全性也越来越受关注。我国对转基因作物及产品的监管不容乐观,生产企业的组织化程度不高,照搬国外的溯源系统会造成其与企业生产过程管理结合不紧密等诸多问题。本文结合我国转基因食品企业现有的生产流程及实际情况,基于工作流网基础理论,以转基因玉米为例,通过分析转基因玉米及产品生产过程中影响其基因特性和质量安全的重要环节,构建出完善的转基因作物及产品全程溯源模型,在模型的指导下,设计开发了转基因作物及产品全程溯源系统,具有理论价值和实践意义。